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Biochemistry II > 4TH QUESTION GROUP > Flashcards

4TH QUESTION GROUP Flashcards

1
Q

intermediary metabolism

A

the reactions between the absorption of feedstuff and excretion of the end products (ATP and heat produced)

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2
Q

biological oxidation

A

oxidative processes in cells (mitochondria), carb, lipids + proteins will be degraded = ATP, heat, CO2 + H20 production

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3
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

production in ATP by a protive motive force in the respiratory chain

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4
Q

catabolism

A

degradative processes forming ATP

substrates (carbs, lipids, proteins) are degraded into common intermediates like acetyl CoA which end up in hte citric acid cycle and then the electron transport chain to undergo ox. phosphory.

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5
Q

anabolism

A

synthetic processes

net product is ATP

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6
Q

amphibolic reactions

A

involve annabolism + catabolism

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7
Q

three stages of energy extraction

A

formation of smaller molecules (protein to aa)

formation of simple units (bd of aa etc. into acetyl CoA)

citric acid cycle, respiratory chain + oxidative phosporylation
(further oxidation of acetyl-CoA to generate ATP)

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8
Q

2 methods of producing ATP from different substrates

A

oxidative phosphorylation

substrate-level phosphorylation

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9
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

direct phosphorylation of ADP from phosphorylated intermediates that will be seen during glycolysis + CAC

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10
Q

what type of bonds are phosphoanydride bonds?

A

high energy bonds

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11
Q

high energy bonds

A

phosphate group with a high free energy or hydrolysis

high group transfer potential

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12
Q

ATP function

A

energy source

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13
Q

AMP reaction

A

energy sensor + regulator of metabolism

AMP stimulates metabolic pathways that produce ATP

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14
Q

ATP structure

A

adenine
ribose
3 phosphates (phosphoanhydride linkages)

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15
Q

what phosphate linkage is used in nerve + muscle cells for storage of -P

A

phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate)

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16
Q

when is phosphocreatine produced

A

when ATP levels are high

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17
Q

during exercise, what happens to phosphocreatine

A

ATP depleted, phosphate transferred from phophocreatine to ADP to replenish ATP

phosphocreatine + ADP - ATP + creatine (reversible)

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18
Q

regulator of creatine synthesis

A

Arg-Gly transamidinase

Argine, Glycine +
Creatine -

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19
Q

where does the synthesis of creatine occur

A

1st reaction: kidney

2nd reaction: liver

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20
Q

thioester

A

high energy bond
forms between a carboxyl group of acetic or fatty acid + thiol (SH) group

(acetyl - CoA)

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21
Q

carbohydrate functions

A

stored as glycogen in animals

supply carbon for synthesis of other compounds

the simple sugars converted into starch, fats, enzymes, DNA/RNA + ATP

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22
Q

groups of carbohydrates

A

monosacharides
(glucose, fructose, ribose)

diasaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose)

oligosaccharides

polysaccharides
(starch, cellulose, glycogen)

23
Q

how are monosaccharides classified

A

based on the number of carbons

based on their functional group (aldoses + ketoses)

24
Q

aldoses

A

contain an aldehyde group (CHO)

25
Q

ketoses

A

contain a ketone group (CO)

26
Q

anomers

A

Anomers are cyclic monosaccharides or glycosides that are epimers, differing from each other in the configuration of C-1 if they are aldoses or in the configuration at C-2 if they are ketoses.

27
Q

2 types of anomers

A

alpha -D-(+)-glucopyranose

beta -D-(+)-glucopyranose

28
Q

what is the difference between alpha -D-(+)-glucopyranose

beta -D-(+)-glucopyranose

A

OH at C1
below the ring - ALPHA
above the ring - BETA

29
Q

monosaccharides derivates

A 
Gluconic acid (sugar acid)
Glucuronic acid (sugar acid)
Glucosamine (amino sugar)
Galactosamine (amino sugar)
N-Acety-D-Glucosamine (acetylated amino
sugar)
N-Acety-D-Galactosamine (acetylated
aminosugar)
Ribitol, sorbitol (sugar alcohols)
30
Q

gluconic acid - glucuronic acid

A

the aldehyde at C1 or the hydroxyl on the terminal carbon is oxidised to a caboxylic acid

31
Q

Ribitol, sorbitol (sugar alcohols)

A

lack an aldehyde or ketone group, they are reduced to alcohols

ribitol - reduced from ribose
sorbitol - reduced from glucose

32
Q

disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides bound with glycosydic bond (glucose, galactose, fructose)

33
Q

homopolysaccharides

A

are polysaccharides composed of a single type of sugar monomer

starch + glycogen

34
Q

what makes up starch

A

amylose (20%)
(watersoluble, non-branching)
amylopectin (80%)
(not water soluble, branching)

35
Q

branching point of starch

A

25th glucose monomer

36
Q

starch is degraded by what

A

amylase

37
Q

where does glycogen accumulate

A

animal storage product

liver + muscle

38
Q

branching point of glycogen

A

8-10th glucose monomer

39
Q

glycogen is degraded by what

A

amylase

40
Q

hyaluronic acid

A

a glucosaminoglycan with a repeating disaccharide consisting of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

41
Q

where is hyaluronic acid found

A

vitreous humor of eye
synovial fliud
coat of ovum

42
Q

how is hyaluronic acid degradaded

A

hyaluronidase

43
Q

chondroitin sulphate

A

a glycosaminoglycan

vitamin A has a role in sulphate group binding

44
Q

why is is chondroitin sulphate important

A

important structural component of cartilage

bone formation

45
Q

heparin

A

soluble glycosaminoglycan

46
Q

where is heparin found

A

granules of mast cells in the liver and lung

47
Q

what does heparin do in the blood

A

inhibits clot formation by interacting with the protein antithrombin

48
Q

heteropolysaccharides

A

glycoproteins

49
Q

glycoprotein vs glycosaminoglycan

A

the carbohydrate portion of glycoproteins is shorter and branched and contains manose, glucose, galactose + amino derivates

50
Q

glycogenesis

A

glucose-6-phosphate to glycogen in the liver

addition of one glucose to glycogen

51
Q

glycogenolysis

A

glucose-6-phosphate to glucose

52
Q

glycolysis

A

during strenuous exercise, glycogen broken down to glucose-6-phosphate

53
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

biosynthesis of glucose from a non carbohydrate sources

Biochemistry II (6 decks)

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