4B - Cog Dev Chdhd - Piaget Flashcards
Piaget:
Child development specialist – observed children and formed a cognitive theory
Cognitive Development
Child actively interacts w/ and engages their environments (explore, manipulate, examine)•Development of schemas that change w/ age•Child tries to reduce discrepancies between experience and schemas
Key Concepts Cognitive Development: Cognitive Organization:
Internal process new cognitive structures are rearranged and linked to others
Cognitive Development: Schemas
Categories of information
Assimilation vs. Accommodation
Changes in cognitive structure to new information or experiences through the process of adaptation
Equilibrium:
Fluctuations between equilibrium and disequilibrium drive learning/progression•Children try to adapt to their surroundings to ensure equilibrium and adaptation
Sensory-Motor Stage birth to 2 years
The connection between body and environment•“Little Scientist” at this stage. Object permanence 8-9 months
Pre-operational Stage Overview: (ages 2 – 7
Key Aspects: •Egocentrism (especially toddlers)•Identity: begin to show an understanding of this •FromDescriptiontoExplanation
Pre-operational Stage Cognitive Structures:
–1) Representational Thought: •Use of symbols –2) Pre-Causal Reasoning: •Is very curious about how things work•Can explain basic things and understand cause-and-effect relationships (based on child’s experience)•Use of perception-based logic•Differentiation between reality and pretend, fact vs. opinion still is very difficult in this stage
Pre-Operational Stage•New Cognitive Structures: (cont.)–3) Classification:•Begins in pre-school yrs. – basic, one factor sorting–4) Seriation:•Able to arrange in logical progression–5) Rules of Conservation:•Pre-schoolers cannot do well; improves by 7/8
Limitations of Pre-Operational Stage
Centration: •Focusing on only one piece of information when several are relevant•Difficulty integrating multiple pieces of information–2) Difficulty distinguishing between appearance and reality–3) Difficulty with tasks that require memory strategies
Concrete Operational Stage: (ages 7 – 11) Key apsect
Thought is logical, flexible, and organized in its application to concrete information.
Concrete New Cognitive Structures
1) Conservation: •Can anticipate changes in form or size of objects•Most important achievement of this stage – shows clear evidence of operational thinking
–2) Decentration: •Focus on several aspects of a problem at once and they relate to each other and the problem
–3) Reversibility: •Gains the ability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse the direction
–4) Classification:•Can group objects into classes and subclasses•Can move flexibly back and forth between classesand hierarchies•Permits children to categorize more effectively than they could at earlier ages•Understanding of classification can be applies to only concrete objects and situations
Aspects of Concrete Operations•New Cognitive Structures: (cont.):
–5) Seriation:•Gains the ability to organize items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight
–6) Inductive Reasoning:•Relationship between two objects based on observation
–7) Spatial reasoning:•Combines distance with other physical concepts, such as time and speed
–8) Transitive inference: •Can determine the relationship of two things by knowing their relationship to a 3rd one.
4: Formal Operations (ages 12+)
Able to think abstractly and think in terms of ideas and concepts: respect, honesty, kindness, etc.–Gets excited about “big ideas”
Formal Operations New Cognitive Structures
1- Abstract thought
2) Metacognition: •The capacity for “thinking about thinking
3) Deductive reasoning:•Can draw specific conclusions from abstract concepts using logic.
