4B Classification Flashcards
Extremophiles
Bacteria that can survive extreme conditions of heat, cold, pH, salinity and pressure
(Archaebacteria)
Eubacteria
• true bacteria and cyanobacteria
• reproduce asexually
• prokaryotic cells
6 kingdom classification
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
5 kingdom classification
Monera (prokaryotes)
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Biodiversity
A measure of the variety of living organisms and their genetic differences
Evolution
The process by which natural selection acts on variation to being about adaptations and eventually speciation
Molecular phylogeny
The analysis of the genetic material of organisms to establish their evolutionary relationships
Morphology
The study of the form and structure of organisms
Morphology
The study of the form and structure of organisms
Homologous structures
Structures that show common ancestry
Analogous feature
Features that look similar or have similar functions but are not from the same biological origin
Which domains share a more recent common ancestor?
Archaea and Eukaryota share a more recent common ancestor than Bacteria.
How long ago did all 3 domains share a single common ancestor?
3 billion years ago
How do archea replicate
By binary fission
Similar to cell cycle in Eukarya, different than in bacteria
Endosymbionts
Organisms that live inside the cells or the body of another organism
Eukaryota
- 4 kingdoms: animalia, plantae, fungi, protoctista
- DNA held in membrane-bound nucleus, bound to histones
- cells contain membrane-bound organelles
Archaea and Bacteria
both domains contain 1 kingdom each
- unicellular organisms
- no membrane-bound organelles, DNA firms circular loop, not bound to histone proteins
Morphological species model
A species definition based solely on the appearance of the organisms observed
Sexual dimorphism
Describes species where there is a great deal of difference between the appearance of the male and female.
The different sexes could be confused as different species in a morphological species model.
How do animalia get their nutrients
Heterotrophic:
Get their nutrients by ingesting or eating other organisms
How is glucose stored in animalia
Glucose stored as polysaccharide glycogen
What do cells in animalia never have?
Chloroplast or a cell wall
What do cells in plantae contain?
Cellulose cell wall and chlorophyll in chloroplasts
How do plants get their food?
Autotrophic
Synthesise their own food by photosynthesis
How is glucose stored in plants?
Glucose stored as polysaccharide starch
Protoctista
A diverse kingdom containing organisms which do not fit into the animalia, plantae or fungi kindoms.
Most are unicellular, some are multicellular.
Eukaryotic cells
how are living organisms classified?
by putting organisms in groups based on their similarities and differences
taxonomy
the science of describing, classifying and naming living organisms
phylum
a group of classes that all share common characteristics
fungi
a eukaryotic kingdom of heterotrophs with chitin in their cell walls
plantae
a mainly autotrophic eukaryotic kingdom containing mosses, liverworts, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms (the flowering plants)
domains
the three largest classification categories
- eukaryota
- bacteria
- archaea
mate-recognition species model
a species definition based on unique fertilisation systems, including mating behaviour
ecological species model
a species model based on DNA evidence
DNA sequencing
the process by which the base sequences of all or part of the genome of an organism is worked out
DNA profiling
the process by which the non-coding areas of DNA are analysed to identify patterns
Monera
a kingdom in the five-kingdom classification system that contains the Archaea and Eubacteria
gel electrophoresis
a method of separating fragments of proteins or nucleic acids based on their electrical charge and size
phylogenetic tree
model used to show the relationships between different groups of organisms
class
a group of orders that all share common characteristics
order
a group of families that all share common characteristics
family
a group of genera that all share common characteristics
genus
a group of species that all share common characteristics
species
a group of closely related organisms that are all potentially capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring
animalia
a heterotrophic eukaryotic kingdom including all the invertebrates and vertebrates
genetic species model
a species model based on DNA evidence
suggest two advantages of the binomial naming system
- it is a universal name which will be used by every scientist in every country
- everyone is referring to the correct organism
how do archaea reproduce?
asexually
how do eubacteria reproduce?
asexually
how do most potista reproduce?
asexually
how do most animals reproduce?
sexually but some also reproduce asexually
binomial naming system
composed of Genus (capital letter) and species (lowercase) written in italics or underlined
population
is the number of organisms of the same species that live in a particular geographic area at the same time
