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Biology AS Level unit 2 > 3A CELL STRUCTURE > Flashcards

3A CELL STRUCTURE Flashcards

1
Q

cytoplasm

A

a jelly-like liquid that makes up the bulk of the cell and contains the organelles

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2
Q

nucleus

A

an organelle containing the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, as well as protein, surrounded by a double nuclear membrane with pores

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3
Q

protoplasm

A

the cytoplasm and nucleus combined

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4
Q

ultrastructure

A

the detailed organisation of the cell, only visible using the electron microscope

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5
Q

intracellular

A

inside the cell

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6
Q

chromatin

A

the granular combination of DNA bonded to protein found in the nucleus when the cell is not actively dividing

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7
Q

nucleolus

A

an extra-dense region of almost pure DNA and protein found in the nucleus; it is involved in the production of ribosomes and control of growth and division

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8
Q

mitochondria

A

rod-like structures with inner and outer membranes that are the site of aerobic respiration

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9
Q

cristae

A

the infoldings of the inner membrane of the mitochondria which provide a large surface area for the reactions of aerobic respiration

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10
Q

eubacteria

A

true bacteria (prokaryotic organisms)

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11
Q

centrioles

A

bundles of tubules found near the nucleus and involved in cell division by the production of a spindle of microtubules that move the chromosomes to the ends of the cell

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12
Q

spindle

A

a set of overlapping protein microtubules running the length of the cell, formed as the centrioles pull apart in mitosis and meiosis

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13
Q

70S ribosomes

A

the ribosomes found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and in prokaryotic organisms

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14
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

a theory that suggests mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as independent prokaryotic organisms that began living symbiotically inside other cells as endosymbionts

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15
Q

lysosomes

A

organelles full of digestive enzymes used to break down worn-out cells or organelles or digest food in simple organisms

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16
Q

apoptosis (programmed cell death)

A

the breakdown of worn-out, damaged or diseased cells by the lysosomes

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17
Q

endoplasmic reticulum ER

A
  • a 3D network of membrane-bound cavities
  • links to the nuclear membrane
  • plays an important role in the synthesis of many different chemical substances
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18
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum RER

A

endoplasmic reticulum that is covered in 80S ribosomes and which is involved in the production and transport of proteins

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19
Q

exocytosis

A

the movement of large molecules out of cells by the fusing of a vesicle containing the molecules with the surface cell membrane; the process requires ATP

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20
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum SER

A

a smooth tubular structure similar to RER, but without the ribosomes, which is involved in the synthesis and transport of steroids and lipids in the cell

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21
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • stacks of membranes
  • modify proteins made elsewhere in the cell
  • package them into vesicles for transport
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22
Q

peptidoglycan

A

a large, net-like molecule found in al bacterial cell walls made up of many parallel polysaccharide chains with short peptide cross-linkages

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23
Q

capsule

A

a layer found around the outside of some bacteria

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24
Q

pili

A

thread-like protein projections found on the surface of some bacteria

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25
Q

flagella

A

many-stranded helices of the contractile protein flagellin found on some bacteria; they move the bacteria by rapid rotations

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26
Q

plasmids

A

small, circular pieces of DNA that code for specific aspects of the bacterial phenotype

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27
Q

mesosomes

A

infoldings of the cell membrane of bacteria

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28
Q

gram-positive bacteria

A

bacteria that contain teichoic acid in their cell walls and stain purple/blue with Gramm staining

29
Q

teichoic acid

A

a chemical substance found in the cell walls of Gramm-positive bacteria

30
Q

cocci

A

spherical bacteria

31
Q

bacilli

A

rod-shaped bacteria

32
Q

spirilla

A

bacteria with twisted or spiral shape

33
Q

vibrios

A

comma-shaped bacteria

34
Q

obligate aerobes

A

organisms that need oxygen for respiration

35
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

organisms that use oxygen if it is available, but can respire and survive without it

36
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

organisms that can only respire in the absence of oxygen and are killed by oxygen

37
Q

tissues

A

groups of specialised cells carrying out particular functions in the body

38
Q

organs

A

structures made up of several different types of tissue to carry out particular functions in the body

39
Q

epithelial tissues

A

tissues that form the lining of surfaces inside and outside the body

40
Q

organ system

A

a group of organs working together to carry out particular large-scale functions in the body

41
Q

Gram-negative bacteria

A

bacteria that have no teichoid acid in their cell walls; they stain red with Gram staining

42
Q

Gram staining

A

a staining technique used to distinguish types of bacteria by their cell wall

43
Q

bacteriophage

A

virus that attacks bacteria

44
Q

80S ribosomes

A

• the main type of ribosome found in eukaryotic cells
• consisting of ribosomal RNA and protein
• made up of a 60S and a 40S subunit
• they are the site of protein synthesis

45
Q

name 5 parts of the nucleus

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • nucleolus
  • nuclear pores
  • chromosomes/chromatin
  • nucleoplasm
46
Q

which organelle contains chromatin?

A

nucleus

47
Q

which organelle is the site of translation?

A

ribosome

48
Q

what is the main function of mitochondrion?

A

aerobic respiration

49
Q

which organelle produces the spindle fibres during mitosis?

A

centriole

50
Q

which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of lipids in the cell?

A

smooth ER

51
Q

which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes?

A

lysosomes

52
Q

what is the main function of the nucleolus?

A

production of ribosomal RNA

53
Q

which organelle packages proteins for export from the cell by exocytosis?

A

Golgi apparatus

54
Q

which organelle is made of stacks of membranes and covered in ribosomes?

A

rough ER

55
Q

which organelle is the site of respiration in a prokaryotic cell?

A

mesosome

56
Q

prokaryotes contain which type of ribosomes?

A

70S (large 50S, small 30S subunits)

57
Q

what substance forms the cell wall of prokaryotes?

A

peptidoglycan

58
Q

which term means ‘before the nucleus’ ?

A

prokaryotic

59
Q

which type of ribosomes do eukaryotes contain in their cytoplasm?

A

80S (large 60S, small 40S subunit)

60
Q

how many membranes surround the nucleus?

A

two (a double membrane)

61
Q

which organelle in animal cells, other than the nucleus, also contains DNA?

A

mitochondrion

62
Q

which organelle is never found in prokaryotes or animal cells?

A

chloroplasts

63
Q

what is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

control of transport into and out of the cell

64
Q

which structures increase the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

cristae

65
Q

which process describes how proteins are exported from cells?

A

exocytosis

66
Q

what substance is the plant cell wall made of?

A

polysaccharide cellulose

67
Q

which structures present in some animal cells increase the surface area of the cell membrane?

A

microvilli

68
Q

which pigment makes chloroplasts green?

A

chlorophyll

69
Q

which term means ‘true nucleus’?

A

eukaryotic

Biology AS Level unit 2 (8 decks)

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