4a- Structural Econ Change - Birmingham

Question 1

What was the population of Birmingham in 1700 - pre industrial

Answer 1

15,000

Question 2

What did most people do for work in Birmingham pre industrial?

Answer 2

Middle classes worked in services such as law + banking

Question 3

When was the first factory built in Birmingham and how many ppl did it employ

Answer 3

1760s
700 employees

Question 4

What opened in 1830s - Birmingham

Answer 4

Railway between London to Birmingham

Question 5

Name a factory set up in Birmingham between 1700-1900

Answer 5

Bournville factory = set up by Cadbury

Question 6

Which economic player was involved in the set up of the 1761 factory

Answer 6

Mathew boulton - entrepreneur- private player

Question 7

What was the demographic like during Industrial Revolution 1900-1950

Answer 7

Majority white until 1950s

Question 8

What was the unemployment rate 1950s

Answer 8

Below 1%
One of most prosperous areas

Question 9

How many tower blocks were built by Local Government in 1950s due to damaged housing from WW2 + to house workers

Answer 9

400 - 80,000 new homes

Question 10

What was the unemployment rate in 1980

Answer 10

20%

Question 11

Reasons for the decline in foreign investment (player) in the 1970s

Answer 11

Poor relations between managers + workers made Birmingham less attractive to investors

Oil Crisis and Relocation of TNCs to cheap overseas = Rising Oil prices

Question 12

What role did the local authority play in the decline of Birmingham - 1970s

Answer 12

Clearing of Slums destroyed many small industrial Properties and New builds were too expensive for Start-Up small business

Clearance of slums removed low quality housing used by workforce for factory’s

Question 13

How many students are in Birmingham university

Answer 13

50,000

Question 14

Give an example of a recent regeneration attempt by Local government - Birmingham

Answer 14

Attraction of investment for Development of Airport to encourage international market/investment

Question 15

What has happened to the demographic of Birmingham following industrial decline

Answer 15

Migration from Carribean,South Asia to work in low skilled jobs in service sector

Question 16

What has the increase in migration done to the cultural aspect of Birmingham

Answer 16

Mosques + temples built give cosmopolitan feel =
Affected built environment

Increase in ethnic food + shops

Question 17

What has been one solution to the unattractive urban decay following industrial decline

Answer 17

Conversion into art galleries + concert venues = International Convention Centre and Symphony Hall

Question 18

What is the effect of increasing students in Birmingham

Answer 18

Multiplier effect
More money in area
Change views of Birmingham

Question 19

what did the National Government spend £20 billion on to stimulate investment in Birmingham following decline

Answer 19

High speed rail between London- Birmingham

= Already a railway line built in 1830s but this is much faster and would encourage commuting

Question 20

what percentage of Birmingham’s population is <24 currently

Answer 20

40%
still a working population

Question 21

Characteristics of Birmingham before Industrial revolution
Socio-economic
Demographic
Cultural

Answer 21

Socio-Economic = Royal Charter in 1160s allowed B to grow as centre for trade , prior to 1800 B was already a site of innovation with machines for processing cotton + steam engines by Boulton and Watt

Demographic = pop of 15,000 , Middle class mostly in banking and law/Services

cultural = mostly christian

Question 22

Changes between 1700-1900 in Birmingham

Answer 22

1st factory built 1760s and later Bourneville factory by Cadbury
19th century growth in manufacture of guns and jewellery
London to Birmingham railway 1830s
Business required banks = Lloyds bank set up 19th century

Question 23

Role of players influencing change before industrial

Answer 23

Birmingham family who bough Royal Charter in 1160s = to hold market
Mathew Boulton = first factory 1760s + 700 employees
Cadbury set up Bournville factory

Question 24

Changes to Birmingham 1900-1950s
- Socio economic
-Demographic
-Infrastructure

Answer 24

Socio-economic = New industries, Austin Car Plant opened 1906
Small companies to supply car plants grew = Dunlop Tyres employed 10,000 ppl

Demographic = until 1950s majority white . Male dominated workforce 60% working ppl skilled

infrastructure = trams built to allow commuting and urban expansion and poor quality terraced housing built for workers

Question 25

Characteristics of Birmingham 1950s-1960s , During Industrial
Socio-economic
Demographic
Infastructure

Answer 25

Socio-economic = unemployment below 1%

Demographic = mostly white

Infrastructure = 400 Tower blocks built due to damage from WW2 and to house workers = 80,000 new homes
Central Zone cleared of residential use = ppl moved to estates on edge of city such as Castle Vale

Question 26

Changes to Birmingham following 1970s - Industrial Decline

Answer 26

Earnings fell from highest to lowest in UK - 1970-1975
unemployment in 1980s = 20%
Relocation of TNCs as a result of Oil crisis in 1970s and worker strikes

Global shift as car industry’s could not compete with cheaper vehicles produced Overseas

Question 27

Changes to Birmingham following 1970s - Recent Regeneration
Local governments
Uni
Infastructure

Answer 27

Local Governments attracting investment for developments at Birmingham airport = open up for trade and more investment

University growth = 50,000 students

Developed infrastructure such as grand central station and HS2

Question 28

Players involved in decline of Birmingham

Answer 28

Relocation of TNCs abroad

1970s strikes made B less attractive to foreign investment - Workers

Local Government redevelopment of slums in 1970s removing areas of housing of workers

Question 29

Plyers involved in Regeneration of Birmingham

Answer 29

University of Birmingham

National Government - £20 billion investment for high speed railway between London- Birmingham

Eu = funding to improve Social Housing and to build International Convention Centre and Symphony Hall

Local Government attracting investment to Birmingham airport - attract international investment

Question 30

Characteristics of Birmingham following Industrial Decline
Socio-economic
Demographic
Cultural

Answer 30

Socio-Economic = growth in student population creates multiplier effect
- high levels of deprivation and unemployment - 20%

Demographic = International migration to fill low skilled jobs and youthful population - 40% <24

Cultural = mosques and ethnic business = Cosmopolitan feel

Question 31

When did the Birmingham family buy its Royal Charter to be a market town/Centre of trade

Answer 31

1160s

Question 32

When did Lloyds bank set up in Birmingham as a result of business requiring banks

Answer 32

19th century / 1800s

Question 33

When did Austin car plant open and how many people did Dunlop Tyres employ as a result of the providing parts to plant

Answer 33

1906

10,000

Question 34

when did Earnings fall from highest to lowest in UK in Birmingham

Answer 34

1970-1975

Question 35

comparison of skills in Birmingham in 1950s vs in recent regeneration

Answer 35

60% vs not very many = despite recent regenerations estimated that people do not have skills

Question 36

Impacts of EU funding for Regeneration on Birmingham

Answer 36

International Convention Centre and Symphony hall = hosts events and exhibitions = Changed perceptions of Birmingham to a centre of Business Tourism

Also hosted Political Conferences for all 3 major Parties

Contributed estimated = £1.4 Billion to local economy over 6,000 events

Question 37

How much has the International Convention centre and Symphony Hall in Birmingham contributed to Local economy over how many events

Answer 37

£1.4 billion

6,000 events