4a- Structural Econ Change - Birmingham Flashcards
What was the population of Birmingham in 1700 - pre industrial
15,000
What did most people do for work in Birmingham pre industrial?
Middle classes worked in services such as law + banking
When was the first factory built in Birmingham and how many ppl did it employ
1760s
700 employees
What opened in 1830s - Birmingham
Railway between London to Birmingham
Name a factory set up in Birmingham between 1700-1900
Bournville factory = set up by Cadbury
Which economic player was involved in the set up of the 1761 factory
Mathew boulton - entrepreneur- private player
What was the demographic like during Industrial Revolution 1900-1950
Majority white until 1950s
What was the unemployment rate 1950s
Below 1%
One of most prosperous areas
How many tower blocks were built by Local Government in 1950s due to damaged housing from WW2 + to house workers
400 - 80,000 new homes
What was the unemployment rate in 1980
20%
Reasons for the decline in foreign investment (player) in the 1970s
Poor relations between managers + workers made Birmingham less attractive to investors
Oil Crisis and Relocation of TNCs to cheap overseas = Rising Oil prices
What role did the local authority play in the decline of Birmingham - 1970s
Clearing of Slums destroyed many small industrial Properties and New builds were too expensive for Start-Up small business
Clearance of slums removed low quality housing used by workforce for factory’s
How many students are in Birmingham university
50,000
Give an example of a recent regeneration attempt by Local government - Birmingham
Attraction of investment for Development of Airport to encourage international market/investment
What has happened to the demographic of Birmingham following industrial decline
Migration from Carribean,South Asia to work in low skilled jobs in service sector
What has the increase in migration done to the cultural aspect of Birmingham
Mosques + temples built give cosmopolitan feel =
Affected built environment
Increase in ethnic food + shops
What has been one solution to the unattractive urban decay following industrial decline
Conversion into art galleries + concert venues = International Convention Centre and Symphony Hall
What is the effect of increasing students in Birmingham
Multiplier effect
More money in area
Change views of Birmingham
what did the National Government spend £20 billion on to stimulate investment in Birmingham following decline
High speed rail between London- Birmingham
= Already a railway line built in 1830s but this is much faster and would encourage commuting
what percentage of Birmingham’s population is <24 currently
40%
still a working population
Characteristics of Birmingham before Industrial revolution
Socio-economic
Demographic
Cultural
Socio-Economic = Royal Charter in 1160s allowed B to grow as centre for trade , prior to 1800 B was already a site of innovation with machines for processing cotton + steam engines by Boulton and Watt
Demographic = pop of 15,000 , Middle class mostly in banking and law/Services
cultural = mostly christian
Changes between 1700-1900 in Birmingham
1st factory built 1760s and later Bourneville factory by Cadbury
19th century growth in manufacture of guns and jewellery
London to Birmingham railway 1830s
Business required banks = Lloyds bank set up 19th century
Role of players influencing change before industrial
Birmingham family who bough Royal Charter in 1160s = to hold market
Mathew Boulton = first factory 1760s + 700 employees
Cadbury set up Bournville factory
Changes to Birmingham 1900-1950s
- Socio economic
-Demographic
-Infrastructure
Socio-economic = New industries, Austin Car Plant opened 1906
Small companies to supply car plants grew = Dunlop Tyres employed 10,000 ppl
Demographic = until 1950s majority white . Male dominated workforce 60% working ppl skilled
infrastructure = trams built to allow commuting and urban expansion and poor quality terraced housing built for workers
Characteristics of Birmingham 1950s-1960s , During Industrial
Socio-economic
Demographic
Infastructure
Socio-economic = unemployment below 1%
Demographic = mostly white
Infrastructure = 400 Tower blocks built due to damage from WW2 and to house workers = 80,000 new homes
Central Zone cleared of residential use = ppl moved to estates on edge of city such as Castle Vale
Changes to Birmingham following 1970s - Industrial Decline
Earnings fell from highest to lowest in UK - 1970-1975
unemployment in 1980s = 20%
Relocation of TNCs as a result of Oil crisis in 1970s and worker strikes
Global shift as car industry’s could not compete with cheaper vehicles produced Overseas
Changes to Birmingham following 1970s - Recent Regeneration
Local governments
Uni
Infastructure
Local Governments attracting investment for developments at Birmingham airport = open up for trade and more investment
University growth = 50,000 students
Developed infrastructure such as grand central station and HS2
Players involved in decline of Birmingham
Relocation of TNCs abroad
1970s strikes made B less attractive to foreign investment - Workers
Local Government redevelopment of slums in 1970s removing areas of housing of workers
Plyers involved in Regeneration of Birmingham
University of Birmingham
National Government - £20 billion investment for high speed railway between London- Birmingham
Eu = funding to improve Social Housing and to build International Convention Centre and Symphony Hall
Local Government attracting investment to Birmingham airport - attract international investment
Characteristics of Birmingham following Industrial Decline
Socio-economic
Demographic
Cultural
Socio-Economic = growth in student population creates multiplier effect
- high levels of deprivation and unemployment - 20%
Demographic = International migration to fill low skilled jobs and youthful population - 40% <24
Cultural = mosques and ethnic business = Cosmopolitan feel
When did the Birmingham family buy its Royal Charter to be a market town/Centre of trade
1160s
When did Lloyds bank set up in Birmingham as a result of business requiring banks
19th century / 1800s
When did Austin car plant open and how many people did Dunlop Tyres employ as a result of the providing parts to plant
1906
10,000
when did Earnings fall from highest to lowest in UK in Birmingham
1970-1975
comparison of skills in Birmingham in 1950s vs in recent regeneration
60% vs not very many = despite recent regenerations estimated that people do not have skills
Impacts of EU funding for Regeneration on Birmingham
International Convention Centre and Symphony hall = hosts events and exhibitions = Changed perceptions of Birmingham to a centre of Business Tourism
Also hosted Political Conferences for all 3 major Parties
Contributed estimated = £1.4 Billion to local economy over 6,000 events
How much has the International Convention centre and Symphony Hall in Birmingham contributed to Local economy over how many events
£1.4 billion
6,000 events
