4a) Individual Differences Flashcards
Key concepts:
- Big Five (Need to know the components)
- Definition and limitations of IQ
- Crystallized vs fluid intelligence (definitions and changes with age)
- Genetic & environmental contributions to IQ
- Baron Cohen’s Empathizing /Systematizing Theory (basic outline)
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Define Personality Traits
Personality Traits: relatively stable cognitive, emotional, and behavioural characteristics of people that help establish their individual identities and distinguish them from others
What the difference between Neuroticism + Extraversion
of Eysenck’s 2 factor model?
Neuroticism/stability – the tendency to experience negative emotions
Extraversion – the degree to which a person is outgoing and seeks stimulation
describe what a big five factors of personality is.
big five factors of personality describes the main dimensions of personality:
- neuroticism (emotional instability),
- extraversion,
- openness to experience
- agreeableness,
- conscientiousness.
What are the Big 5 factors
OCEAN
- Openness
- -> intellectual curiosity
- -> LOW: Uncurious
- -> HIGH: curious , creative
- Conscientiousness
- -> LOW: lazy, disorganized
- -> HIGH: hard working, organized
- extroversion
- -> LOW: Loner, quiet
- -> HIGH: talkative, active
- agreeableness
- -> LOW: ruthless, irritable,
- -> HIGH: trusting, good natured
- neuroticism
- -> stability of emotions
- -> LOW: Calm, unemotional
- -> HIGH: worried, emotional
Note: identical twins have greater correlations in personality traits
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50% genetically determines
a) what correlation does consciousness have on health?
b) what are some ways to increase conscientiousness
a) - positive impact on health
- more likely to take up activities to improve health
- increased adherence to treatment
b) text reminders, goal setting
a) what correlation does neuroticism have on health?
b) what are some ways to decrease neuroticism?
a) -higher symptom report
- more likely to present
- higher rate of mental health disorders
- lower adherence to healthy behaviours
b)
- psychological therapies
- psychopharmacological approaches
Define intelligence
Intelligence: the ability to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively, and to deal adaptively with the environment
How do you calculate IQ levels?
IQ = (mental age / chronological age ) x100
note: A score of 100 is considered average
Binet-Simon scale measures : ____________
Binet-Simon scale measures mental age
What re some tests used to look at intelligence? Wechsler test –>
Wechsler test
note:
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
- Linguistic Intelligence:
- Logical-Mathematic - Intelligence:
- Spatial Intelligence:
- Musical Intelligence:
- Bodily-Kinaesthetic Intelligence
- Intrapersonal Intelligence
- Interpersonal functioning
- Naturalistic Intelligence
- Existential Intelligence
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How can IQ scores be utilized?
clinical applications of such tests e.g. Stroke
–> specific cognitive functions might be affected
but ‘average’ might be different for everyone
–> e.g athletes Limb Quotient
what is the difference between
Crystallized Intelligence (gc): and Fluid Intelligence (gf)
how do these change with aging?
Crystallized Intelligence (gc): the ability to apply previously acquired knowledge to current problems.
–> commonly improve with age then stabilise.
Fluid Intelligence (gf): the ability to deal with novel problem-solving situations for which personal experience does not provide a solution.
–> Shows steady pattern of decline in aging.
how do
a) Genetic factors contribute to IQ
b) environmental factors contribute to IQ
a) Genetic factors:
- influence the effects produced by the environment
–> accounts for 1/2 - 2/3 or variation in IQ
b) Environmental factors
- -influence how genes express themselves
- -> Accounts for 1/3 to 1/2 of the variation in IQ
- -> Educational experiences are very important
Note: one study (lothian birth cohort 1921) –> showed that cognitive ability function = significantly linked to cognitive ability at age 79
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in terms of general intelligence whats the difference in performance between Male + female?
men: generally outperform women on
- spatial tasks,
- tests of target-directed skills,
- mathematical reasoning
Female: generally outperform men on
- tests of perceptual speed, verbal fluency,
- mathematical calculation,
- precise manual tasks
Autism has a male: female ratio of
male: female ratio
4 (males) : 1 (females)
Baron-Cohen (2002) explains the social and communication difficulties in high functioning autism by delays or deficits in empathising whilst explaining the narrow interests with reference to skills in systemising
-Baron Cohen’s Empathizing /Systematizing Theory (basic outline)
What does the -Baron Cohen’s Empathizing /Systematizing Theory explain?
-Baron Cohen’s Empathizing /Systematizing Theory (basic outline)
Baron-Cohen (2002) explains the social and communication difficulties in high functioning autism by delays or deficits in empathising whilst explaining the narrow interests with reference to skills in systemising
Baron-Cohen (2002) theory
what is meant by
a) empathizing
b) systemising
Empathising = being able to infer the thoughts + feelings of others
–> and having an appropriate emotional reaction
Systemising = drive to analyse or construct any kind of system i.e. identifying the rules that a govern a system, in order to predict how that system will behave
(Baron-Cohen, 2006)
How would skills in empathizing differ in male / female / autism
Autism:
Males:
Females:
How would skills in empathizing differ in male / female / autism
Autism: lowest
Males: lower
Females: higher
How would skills in Systemising differ in male / female / autism
Autism:
Males:
Females:
How would skills in Systemising differ in male / female / autism
Autism: highest
Males: higher
Females: lower
