4a) Individual Differences Flashcards
Key concepts:
- Big Five (Need to know the components)
- Definition and limitations of IQ
- Crystallized vs fluid intelligence (definitions and changes with age)
- Genetic & environmental contributions to IQ
- Baron Cohen’s Empathizing /Systematizing Theory (basic outline)
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Define Personality Traits
Personality Traits: relatively stable cognitive, emotional, and behavioural characteristics of people that help establish their individual identities and distinguish them from others
What the difference between Neuroticism + Extraversion
of Eysenck’s 2 factor model?
Neuroticism/stability – the tendency to experience negative emotions
Extraversion – the degree to which a person is outgoing and seeks stimulation
describe what a big five factors of personality is.
big five factors of personality describes the main dimensions of personality:
- neuroticism (emotional instability),
- extraversion,
- openness to experience
- agreeableness,
- conscientiousness.
What are the Big 5 factors
OCEAN
- Openness
- -> intellectual curiosity
- -> LOW: Uncurious
- -> HIGH: curious , creative
- Conscientiousness
- -> LOW: lazy, disorganized
- -> HIGH: hard working, organized
- extroversion
- -> LOW: Loner, quiet
- -> HIGH: talkative, active
- agreeableness
- -> LOW: ruthless, irritable,
- -> HIGH: trusting, good natured
- neuroticism
- -> stability of emotions
- -> LOW: Calm, unemotional
- -> HIGH: worried, emotional
Note: identical twins have greater correlations in personality traits
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50% genetically determines
a) what correlation does consciousness have on health?
b) what are some ways to increase conscientiousness
a) - positive impact on health
- more likely to take up activities to improve health
- increased adherence to treatment
b) text reminders, goal setting
a) what correlation does neuroticism have on health?
b) what are some ways to decrease neuroticism?
a) -higher symptom report
- more likely to present
- higher rate of mental health disorders
- lower adherence to healthy behaviours
b)
- psychological therapies
- psychopharmacological approaches
Define intelligence
Intelligence: the ability to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively, and to deal adaptively with the environment
How do you calculate IQ levels?
IQ = (mental age / chronological age ) x100
note: A score of 100 is considered average
Binet-Simon scale measures : ____________
Binet-Simon scale measures mental age
What re some tests used to look at intelligence? Wechsler test –>
Wechsler test
note:
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
- Linguistic Intelligence:
- Logical-Mathematic - Intelligence:
- Spatial Intelligence:
- Musical Intelligence:
- Bodily-Kinaesthetic Intelligence
- Intrapersonal Intelligence
- Interpersonal functioning
- Naturalistic Intelligence
- Existential Intelligence
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How can IQ scores be utilized?
clinical applications of such tests e.g. Stroke
–> specific cognitive functions might be affected
but ‘average’ might be different for everyone
–> e.g athletes Limb Quotient
what is the difference between
Crystallized Intelligence (gc): and Fluid Intelligence (gf)
how do these change with aging?
Crystallized Intelligence (gc): the ability to apply previously acquired knowledge to current problems.
–> commonly improve with age then stabilise.
Fluid Intelligence (gf): the ability to deal with novel problem-solving situations for which personal experience does not provide a solution.
–> Shows steady pattern of decline in aging.
