4a- global governance of sovereignty and territorial integrity Flashcards
history of colonialism in Mali
Tuareg people had control over the Tuareg region and then in the scramble for Africa the french colonised and took control of mali and refused to give the Tuareg people autonomy or sovereign rights. When Mali got independence the Tuareg people wanted to create Azawad but mali wouldn’t allow it
what happened in 2012
Tuareg nationalists and Al-Qaeda seized control of the north after a military coup by soldiers who were frustrated by government efforts against rebels. Al-Qaeda wanted to establish strict Islamic law in the north
What global governance strategies were used by Mali government
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) were involved in mediation and returning power to civilian administration.
In 2015 a peace deal was made with the Tuareg providing some autonomy for the north - recognition of locally elected leaders, greater representation of northern populations in national institutions and transferring more state budget to northern local authorities.
What global governance strategies were used by French government
were asked to intervene by Mali in 2013 and had UN permission to do so, aimed to stop the spread of Islamic extremism and to push back rebel forces were successful but still have 5k troops there suggesting the conflict in ongoing
how many military, police and other international staff are in Mali
More than 9k military, 1k police and 1.3k other international staff
What global governance strategies were used by UN
MINUSMA aimed to support political processes and stability in Mali, ensure security, protect citizens, and protect human rights.
Kept lines of communication open and provide humanitarian assistance like preparation for free and peaceful elections- helps in the long term
what global governance strategies were used by NGOs
provide assistance to local communities
population services- provided reproductive health products.
CARE- helped with food security and poverty alleviation.
World Education Mali- addressed educational boundaries to literacy.
Solidarities International- provided clean water and hygiene/sanitation in northern settlements.
Getting harder for NGOs to work in areas with armed bandits involved in kidnapping and car jacking.
Challenges of inequality in mali
There is a socio-economic divide between N and S, N is under represented politically
there are cultural and linguistic divisions within and between Tuareg and Arab and other ethnic groups in the north which are a major challenge for peace. The international community has attempted to deal with the north as one area; not all its peoples see Azawad as common territory.
inequalities between urban and rural areas in Mali demonstrate the problem of limited infrastructure and service provision; many villagers feel abandoned and disconnected from the state.
stats about inequalities between urban and rural in mali
89% of urban populations have access to health clinics and only 48% of rural do.
Access to sewage is 43% urban and 1% rural
challenges of injustices in mali
The government’s inability to police its own country has led to high levels of: human trafficking, drug smuggling, kidnapping, and corruption.
The government is unable to protect citizens from human rights abuse. In particular, children and women are subject to: more domestic and agricultural work, early marriage, female genital mutilation. There are high rates of maternal and child mortality.
What opportunities for stability are there in Mali
UN provision of military force and strengthening of police to minimise terrorist activity, and to support the government in providing more effective legislation, and to set up democratic elections.
UN aims to re-establish sovereign state control of the north and territorial integrity within internationally recognised boundaries
Protection of human rights is a priority, reinforcing international norms of behaviour.
What opportunities for growth are there in mali
GDP per capita is recovering after it fell in the two years following the coup (US$495 in 2015).
The World Bank supports smallholder farmers by enhancing supply chains for farming and fishery products, for which Mali has a strong comparative advantage, through the World Bank Agricultural Competitiveness and Diversification Project. leads to a reduction of import dependency
What opportunities for development are there in mali
The UN mission is paving the way for stability to precede the development process.
GNI increased from 1700 to 2000
Water Aid secure sustainable water supplies and sanitation - vital opportunity for citizens to become healthier, better educated and more food secure. water sources improved from 67% to 77% (mainly in cities)
