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Microbiology Exam 4 > 48 - Bacterial UTIs > Flashcards

48 - Bacterial UTIs Flashcards

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1
Q

Nephritis

A

Infection in the kidneys

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2
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Ascending UTI

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3
Q

Cystitis

A

Bladder infection

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4
Q

Urethritis

A

Urethral infection

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5
Q

Prostatitis

A

Prostate infection

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6
Q

Symptoms of urethritis and cystitis

A

Dysuria
Frequency/urgency

Tender over bladder

Positive urine culture

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7
Q

Symptoms of prostatitis

A

Pain in lower back, perirectal, and testicles
Fever, chills

Positive urine culture

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8
Q

Symptoms of pyelonephritis

A

Pain in flanks of body
Fever

Severe - diarrhea, vomiting, tachycardia

Can cause premature birth

Positive urine culture

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9
Q

UTI diagnosis

A

Symptoms and urine examination
Collection of clean, midstream urine

Pyuria most common (>10 WBC per cubic mm of urine)

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10
Q

Increased risks for UTIs

A

Women (shorter urethra)
Kidney surgery

Catheterization

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11
Q

Most common cause of UTIs

A

Normal fecal flora

Enterics

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12
Q

Enterics

A

Facultative anaerobes

LPS

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13
Q

Enterobacteriaceae family

A

Largest group of Gram-negative rods
Normal fecal flora in most animals

Ferment glucose, reduce nitrite, catalase positive, oxidase negative

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14
Q

Enterobacteriaceae virulence factors

A

Endotoxin
Capsule

K and H Ag variation

T3SS

Growth factors

Resistance to serum killing

Antimicrobial resistance

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15
Q

E. coli features

A

Normal fecal flora
Virulence variability based on acquisition of plasmids

Fimbriae or pili

Ferment lactose

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16
Q

E. coli UTI virulence

A

Adhesins - bind to bladder cells
Hemolysin - induce inflammation

Endotoxin - inflammation

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17
Q

Type I pili

A

Most E. coli express this

Binds to the mannose residues commonly present on epithelial surfaces

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18
Q

P pili

A

Subpopulations of E. coli express this

Binds to sugar residues specifically on uroepithelial cells

19
Q

Staphylococci features

A

Gram-positive, facultative anaerobe, in clusters
Catalase positive

Non-motile, non-spore forming

20
Q

Two groups of Staphylococci

A

S. aureus (coagulase positive)

Coagulase negative Staph. (CoNS)

21
Q

CoNS features

A

Form biofilms to enhance survival
S. epidermidis

S. saprophyticus

22
Q

S. saprophyticus

A

Normally in GI tract
Causes UTIs

Resistant to novobiocin (unlike other CoNS)

23
Q

S. saprophyticus commonly causes?

A

Cystitis in young, sexually active women

24
Q

Which causes of UTIs are frequent community acquired?

A

E. coli

CoNS

25
Q

Which causes of UTIs are frequent hospital acquired?

A

Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella

26
Q

Proteus mirabilis features

A

Gram-negative enteric
Common in catheterized patients

Produce biofilms

27
Q

Proteus virulence

A 
Produce a potent urease
Alkalizes urine (converts urea into ammonia)

Results in formation of renal calculi (kidney stones)

28
Q

Symptoms of renal calculi

A

Sudden onset of severe pain

29
Q

Treatment of Proteus species

A

Trimethoprim- Sulfamethoxazole

30
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa features

A

Gram-negative, aerobic, motile rod
Oxidase positive

Wide temperature range with minimal nutrition

Nosocomial infection

Opportunistic pathogen

31
Q

P. aeruginosa UTI cause and treatment

A

Common in long-term catheterization

Treat with multiple courses of antibiotics against resistant strains

32
Q

Enterococcus features

A

Gram-positive cocci
Catalase negative

Group D carbohydrate

33
Q

What other bacteria is enterococcus similar to, and how do you distinguish?

A

S. pneumoniae

Enterococcus tolerates high salt and bile concentrations, and is not sensitive to optochin

34
Q

Common Enterococcus species that cause UTIs

A

Enterococcus faecalis

Entercoccus faecium

35
Q

Risk factors for Enterococcus infection

A

Prolonged hospitalization and treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics

36
Q

Enterococcus - UTI

A

Hospitalized patients with long-term catheter receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics

37
Q

Enterococcus - peritonitis

A

Abdominal swelling/tenderness after abdominal trauma or surgery
Bacteremia

38
Q

Enterococcus - endocarditis

A

Infection of heart endothelium or valves

Associated with persistent bacteremia

39
Q

Asymptomatic bacteriuria diagnosis

A

Significant bacteriuria on two successive cultures (women) or one (men)
Common in elderly

40
Q

Treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria

A

Only in pregnant women, prior to urologic surgery, and after renal transplantation

41
Q

Treatment for uncomplicated cystitis

A

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

42
Q

Treatment for pyelonephritis

A

Aggressive antimicrobial treatment
Fluoroquinolones for Gram-negatives

Amoxicillin for Gram-positives

43
Q

Treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria

A 
No treatment (unless indicated)
Amoxicillin, cephalexin, or nitrofurantoin

Microbiology Exam 4 (4 decks)

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