47. Pyoderma. Demodicosis. Fungal dermatopathies Flashcards

1
Q

Pyoderma?

A

Pyoderma

A skin disease that is pyogenic

Causes:

§ Coagulase positive Staphylococcus spp.

§ Coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp.

§ Coagulase negative Micrococcus spp.

§ ɑ-haemolysing Streptococcus spp.

§ Pseudomonas aeruginosa

§ Proteus vulgaris } Gram negative rods

§ E. coli

Types of pyoderma

§ Surface pyoderma – Hot spot form; Intertrigo form

§ Superficial pyoderma – Impetigo form; Folliculitis form

§ Deep pyoderma – Furunculosis form; Cellulitis form

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2
Q

Surface pyoderma?

A

SURFACE PYODERMA

Involvement of the superficial horny later

Hot spot form

Acute, moist dermatitis; Pyotraumatic dermatitis; Rapid

development

Predisposed: Long-haired breeds in hot, humid weather

May be enhanced by self-trauma

Cause: Fleas; Otitis; Paraproctitis; Neurosis; Allergy

Treatment

§ Eliminate underlying cause

§ Clipping; Shampoo

§ Short-term glucocorticoids & antibiotics

Intertrigo form

Anatomical defects; Warm; Humid; Dark/; Anaerobic; Selftrauma

Location

§ Lip fold: Cocker spaniel

§ Facial fold: Brachycephalic dogs (see Fig. 48.1)

§ Vulvar fold: Obese; Prematurely-spayed dogs

(see Fig. 48.1)

§ Tail fold: Corkscrew-tailed breeds

§ Body fold pyoderma

§ Generalised pyoderma: Shar Pei
Treatment

§ Plastic surgery

§ Daily: Cleaning with disinfectants; Drying; Drying;

Powder; Solutions; Shampoos

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3
Q

Superficial Pyoderma?

A

SUPERFICIAL PYODERMA

Most common skin disease in dogs

Impetigo form

Juvenile pustular dermatitis; Puppy pyoderma; Non-follicular

pustule

Predisposed: Young puppies prior to puberty

Underlying causes

§ Endoparasite

§ Ectoparasite

§ Poor nutrition

§ Unhygienic environment

Clinical signs

§ Sub-corneal: Papule; Pustule; Yellow crusts;

§ May be asymptomatic

Treatment

§ Treat the underlying cause

§ Antibacterial shampoos

Folliculitis form

Superficial folliculitis

Bacterial infection at the level of intact hair follicle/epidermis

Predisposed: Any age; Young dogs

Folliculitis is always a secondary problem to any of the

following:

§ Flea allergy § Atopy

§ Endocrine disorder § Parasites

§ Immunosuppression

Clinical signs

§ Pustules with protruding hair § Papules

§ Epidermal collarettes § Crusts

§ “Moth-eaten” alopecia § Pruritis

Treatment

§ Treat the underlying cause

§ Antibiotics (for minimum 3 weeks parenterally + topically)

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4
Q

Deep Pyoderma?

A

DEEP PYODERMA

Bacterial infection of the skin beneath the hair follicle, involving both

the dermal & subcuticular tissues

Predisposed: Great Dane; Boxer; Doberman; Vizsla

Cause: Staphylococcus pseudointermiedius et al.

Underlying cause is always present:

§ Demodicosis

§ Foreign body

§ Dermatophytes

§ Endocrine disorder

§ Immunodeficiency

Nasal pyoderma

Predisposed: Dolichocephalic breeds (long-nosed)

Treatment: Elizabethan collar; Antibiotics

Interdigital pyoderma (pododermatitis)

Predisposed: Short-coated breeds

Causes: Foreign body; Demodex spp.; Atopy; Trauma

Clinical signs:

§ Swollen feet § Pain

§ Alopecia due to licking § Pus

§ Paronychia § Nodules*

§ Ulceration* § Fistulas*

§ Furunculosis*

*Chronic cases

Treatment

§ Treat the underlying cause

§ Surgical drainage

§ Footbath with saline

§ Antibiotics

Other deep pyodermas

§ Pressure point pyoderma (callus pyoderma)

§ GS pyoderma

§ Pyotraumatic folliculitis

§ Generalised deep folliculitis, furunculosis & cellulitis

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5
Q

Antibiotics for pyoderma?

A

ANTIBIOTICS FOR PYODERMA

First pyoderma

§ Cefalexin § Cefadroxil

§ Clindamycin § Lincomycin

§ Sulfadimethoxine

Based on resistance

§ Amoxiclav § Cefovecin

§ Marbofloxacin § Norfloxacin

§ Pradofloxacin § Ciprofloxacin

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6
Q

Demodex canis?

A

Demodicosis

Infection by mites

DEMODEX CANIS

Normal inhabitant of the skin & hair follicles

Mites are transferred from the bitch on the first 3 days of the neonate’s life

Some dogs become sensitive to the mites due to cellular

immunodeficiency

Predisposed: Old English sheep dog; Shar Pei; German shepherd;

Collie; White West Highland Terrier; Doberman

Three forms are described based on location:

Localised: Head & FL

§ Patchy alopecia

§ Erythema

§ Scaling → Hyperpigmentation

Generalised: Head, legs & trunk; Juvenile/adult onset

§ Many lesions

§ Secondary pyoderma

Pododemodicosis: Feet

§ Thickened skin

§ Hyperpigmentation

§ Secondary pyoderma

§ Oedema

+ Otitis externa

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7
Q

Demodex cati?

A

DEMODEX CATI

Rare

Diagnosis: CSx & Skin scrapings; Biopsy

Treatment

§ Selamectin (spot on)

§ Clip hair; Bathe

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8
Q

Treatment of demodicosis?

A

TREATMENT OF DEMODICOSIS

Juvenile localised demodicosis

Up to 90% of cases heal spontaneously

If there are only a small number of mites, acaricide therapy isn’t necessary

Larger infestations would warrant shampooing, spot-on

moxidectin and/or an amitraz-laced collar.

Generalised demodicosis

Causes deep pyoderma

Treatment requires intense therapy & immune-stimulation

§ Flushing with amitraz

§ Hair clipping

§ Shampoo with benzoyl-peroxide

PO treatment

§ Ivermectin § Afoxolaner

§ Doramectin § Sarolaner

§ Moxidectin § Milbemycin

§ Fluralaner

Subcutaneous: Ivermectin

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9
Q

Fungal dermatopathies?

A

Fungal Dermatopathies

Types:

§ Superficial mycoses

§ Subcutaneous mycoses

§ Systemic mycoses

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10
Q

Superficial Mycoses Dermatophytosis(ringworm)?

A

SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES

Dermatophytosis (ringworm)

Cause: Microspoum canis, gypseum et persicolor; Trichophyton

mentagrophytes, verrucosum et Terrestre

Clinical signs

Dog

§ Patchy alopecia § Scales

§ Folliculitis § Crusts

§ Plaques §

Cat

§ “Cigarette ash”-like § Miliary dermatitis

§ Patchy alopecia § Crusts

Diagnosis

§ Fungal culturing

§ Dermatophyte test medium (DMT)

§ Woods-lamp (uses ultraviolet light)

§ KOH preparations by microscopy

§ Biopsy

Treatment

In healthy animals, the condition is self-limiting

§ Systemic: Griseofulvin; Ketoconazole

§ Topical: Hair-clipping; Enilconazole; Ketoconazole

§ Vaccine: Biocan M

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11
Q

Candidiasis(superficial mycoses)?

A

Candidiasis

Cause: Candida albicans (+ other underlying factors)

Clinical signs

§ Acute moist dermatitis § Otitis externa

§ Mucosa ulceration § Skin ulceration

§ Grey-white plaques § Paronychia

§ Vaginal discharge

Diagnosis: Direct smear; Culture; Biopsy

Treatment

None are licenced in dogs

§ Topical: Miconazole; Enilconazole

§ Systemic: Ketoconazole; Amphotericin B

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12
Q

Malassezia Pachydermatitis(yeast)?

A

Malassezia pachydermatitis (yeast)

Cause: Pityrosporum canis (normal commensal of the ear)

Problems occur when the yeast overgrows

Usually secondary to:

§ Allergodermatitis

§ Endocrinopathies

§ Pyoderma

§ Demodicosis

Clinical signs

§ Alopecia § Scaling

§ Pruritic seborrhoea § Lichenification

Diagnosis: Cytology; IF microscopy; Culture

Treatment: Eliminate underlying causes/disease

§ Topical: Antifungals (ketoconazole)

§ Systemic: Ketoconazole

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13
Q

Subcutaneous Mycosis?

A

SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSIS

§ Eumycotic mycetoma

§ Phytiosis

§ Sporotrichosis

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14
Q

Systemic Mycosis?

A

SYSTEMIC MYCOSIS

Cryptococcosis

Cause: Cryptococcus neoformans

Clinical signs: Nodules; Papules (these may ulcerate)

Diagnosis: Biopsy; Culture (Sabouraud’s agar)

Treatment: Surgical excision; Ketoconazole

Prognosis: Guarded

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15
Q

General treatment of fungal dermatopathies(topically and systemically)?

A

GENERAL TREATMENT OF FUNGAL DERMATOPATHIES

Topically

§ Imaverol solution

§ Malaseb shampoo

Systemically

§ Itraconazole: Candida spp.; Malassezia spp.; Aspergillus

spp.; Leishmania spp.

§ Itrafungol; Orungal

§ Fluconazole: Fungal meningitis; Oral candida spp.

§ Terbinafin: Trichophyton spp. nail bed inflammation

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