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Microbiology for Dentists > 47. Infection Control Practical > Flashcards

47. Infection Control Practical Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Brain heart infusion agar is a growth media for culturing what?

A

fastidious microorganisms

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2
Q

What pathogenic organism can potentially contaminate dental clinic water supplies?

A

legionella pneumophilia

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3
Q

When incubating agar plates, why do they have to be placed top down?

A

to stop condensation settling on agar surface

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4
Q

Nutrient agar is selective for bacteria, fungi, viruses, nothing?

A

non-selective

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5
Q

Thorough and effective handwashing removes all microorganisms from hand surface?

A

no

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6
Q

Which of these is not true for Bacillus subtilis?
- gram positive
- rod-shaped
- spore forming
- opportunistic pathogen
- aerobic

A

opportunistic

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7
Q

The genus Bacillus is one of predominant bacteria genera found where?

A

soil

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8
Q

Bacillus cereus can cause what?

A

food poisoning

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9
Q

Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax so is potentially …

A

a bioterrorism agent

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10
Q

Does heating cells to 80 degrees replicate conditions in an autoclave?

A

no

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11
Q

Spores are more resistant than vegetative cells to what?

A
  • disinfectants
  • drying
  • heating
  • nutrient deprivation
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12
Q

Reactivation of bacterial spores is called what?

A

germination

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13
Q

Which of these is spore-forming?
- actinomyces israelli
- clostridium tetani
- helicobacter pylori
- mycobacterium tuberculosis
- staph aureus

A
  • clostridium tetani
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14
Q

Which of these isn’t true about C.diff?
- gram neg
- rod shaped
- spore forming
- causes pseudomembranous colitis
- infection associated to use of antibiotics
- healthcare-associated infection

A

gram negative

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15
Q

How to kill spores?

A
  • application of moist heat at 100-120 degrees or more for a period of 10-20 minutes
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16
Q

A patient comes in with an advanced periapical advance and acute pain. What is suspected and what is prescribed?

A
  • chance it’s spreading in blood and can cause another infection in brain etc
  • to reduce this chance, prescribe antibiotic regime without knowledge of organism
  • drain it, send sample to lab and establish sensitivity to antibiotic
  • given amoxicillin, clavulanic acid and metronidazole
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17
Q

A patient is prescribed amoxicillin, clavulanic acid then metronidazole, Explain what these do

A
  • amox - moderate-spectrum antibiotic against lots of gram-pos and limited gram-neg
  • metro - active against most gram-pos and gram-neg anaerobes
  • clav acid - some resistance to beta-lactam-based antibiotics like amox due to bacteria producing a beta-lactamase whydrolysing the lactam ring. this acid binds and inactivates the enzyme doing this
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18
Q

When amoxicillin and clavulanic acid are combined, known as …

A
  • augmentin
    or
  • Co-amoxiclav
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19
Q

Process of antibiotic sensitivity testing

A
  • infecting microorganism is isolated and pure culture is grown in broth to provide sufficient for testing
  • approx 100 microlitres spread evenly on agar with specific agar
  • suitable range of antibiotics selected and ring placed on agar. incubated overnight - dense bacterial produces ‘lawn’ of bacteria
  • during incubation, antibiotic diffuses from ring and if bacteria is sensitive inhibits growth
  • metronidazole and others are tested seperately in anaerobic conditions
  • clinician reviews choice of antibiotic
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20
Q

Explain mastrings

A
  • the ring used for antibiotic sensitivity testings
  • available with predetermined range of antibiotics or can be consumed
  • has chloramphenicol, erythromycin, fusidic acid, methicillin, novobiocin, penicillin G, streptomycin, tetracycline
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21
Q

Do mastrings have the same conc of each antibiotic on them?

A
  • amount of each is carefully picked differently
  • to reflect amount expected to be achieved at site of action in body
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22
Q

What is a breakout colony in antibiotic sensitivity testing?

A
  • sometimes a few bacteria in sample grow and produce colonies within general area of inhibition
  • less dense than the lawn
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23
Q

Define MIC’

A
  • miminum inhibitory concentration
  • lowest conc of antibiotic that inhibits growth of test bacteria
  • inevitable that some bacteria will be killed but others will survive and grow when sample is cultured on drug-free agar
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24
Q

What is MBC?

A
  • minimum bacteriocidal concentration
  • higher than MIC and kills all microorganisms
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25
Q

MIC and MBC not a part of routine antibiotic sensitivity testing but it’s useful. Why?

A
  • measures antibiotic’s efficacy
  • provides essential info regarding delivery of drug
  • helpful in determining appearance of resistance
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26
Q

Define ‘antimicrobial’

A
  • includes agents active against range of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses
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27
Q

The beta lactam ring is absent in what?

A
  • aminopenicillins like amoxicillin
28
Q

What antibiotic would you use to treat angular cheilitis in a patient that doesn’t wear a denture?

A
  • fusidic acid
29
Q

What antibiotic should you avoid prescribing to children and pregnant women?

A

tetracycline

30
Q

Which method of horizontal gene transfer involves bacteria taking up DNA from local environment?

A

transformation

31
Q

Currently, over … people die every year from antimicrobial resistant infections

A

700,000

32
Q

Define bactericidal agent

A

a chemical agent or drug that kills bacteria

33
Q

Define ‘bacteriostatic agent’

A

a chemical agent or drug that inhibits growth of bacteria

34
Q

What is intrinsic resistance?

A

an innate property of bacterium seen in all strains

35
Q

Define ‘acquired resistance’

A

drug resistance is selected for by antibiotic use

36
Q

Define ‘cross resistance’

A

resistance to one antibiotic leads to resistance to another

37
Q

Define ‘multi-resistance’

A

resistance to several antibiotics via independent mechanisms

38
Q

Define ‘mutation’

A

an inheritable change in character of gene - change in sequence of base pairs in DNA molecule

39
Q

Define ‘selective growth medium’

A

culture medium that allows certain organism or group of organisms to grow while inhibiting growth of all other organisms

40
Q

No new classes of antibiotic have been developed since …

A

1980

41
Q

The first 3 stages of drug development investigate what?

A
  • dose safety levels
  • effectiveness
  • commercial value
  • side effects
42
Q

What organisation regulate medicines in UK?

A

MHRA
- medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency

43
Q

Clinical trials usually have … phases

A

4

44
Q

Drug development can take up to … years and cost … dollars

A
  • 18
  • 1 billion
45
Q

Which antibiotic has a beta lactam ring?

A

penicillin

46
Q

Which drug interferes with the process of DNA production in the virus causing herpes labialis?

A

acyclovir

47
Q

Aminoglycosides interfere with what bacterial cell process?

A

protein synthesis

48
Q

Clavulanic acid binds to and inactivates what?

A

beta-lactamase enzymes

49
Q

Nystatin treats infections caused by what microorganisms?

A

fungi

50
Q

Which toothpaste ingredient out of chlorhexidine, essential oils, glycerol, stannous fluoride and ticlosan is NOT antibacterial?

A

glycerol

51
Q

Which of these is NOT true of chlorhexidine?
- disrupts bacterial cell membranes
- has high substantivity
- shown to be effective in inhibiting plaque growth
- effective in treating periodontal disease
- often found in mouthwash at conc of 0.2%

A

it is NOT effective in treating periodontal disease

52
Q

Why is MRSA screened for in the groin?

A
  • sweaty environment
  • so salty
53
Q

Which of these are spore forming?
- clostridium species
- bacillus species
- mycobacterium species
- fusobacterium species
- staphylococcal species

A
  • clostridium
  • bacillus
54
Q

Which of these are antimicrobial?
- iodine
- cetylpyridium chloride
- triclosan
- chlorhexidine

A

all of the above

55
Q

Oseltamivir is an anti-viral used to treat what infection?

A

influenza

56
Q

What is the target of tetracycline antibiotic?

A
  • protein synthesis
  • interferes with function of 30S ribosome subunit
57
Q

Highly active antiretroviral therapy is used as a combination therapy to treat what?

A

HIV

58
Q

Which of these is NOT true about metronidazole?
- can be used in management of severe pericoronitis
- active against anaerobic bacteria
- imidazole antibiotic
- possesses beta-lactam ring

A

it does NOT possess a beta-lactam ring

59
Q

How do polyenes combat fungi?

A

disrupt fungal cell membranes

60
Q

What do azoles do?

A

inhibit ergosterol synthesis

61
Q

What do 5-flucytosine do?

A

inhibit DNA and protein synthesis in fungi

62
Q

What do echinocandins do in fungi?

A

inhibit beta-1,3-D-glucan synthesis

63
Q

How to achieve pasteurisation?

A

heat fluid to 66 degrees for 30 mins

64
Q

Horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes via pili directly connecting bacteria is called what?

A

conjugation

65
Q

Difference between sterilisation and disinfection

A
  • steri kills all microorganisms including spores
  • dis kills or removes pathogenic organisms excluding bacterial spores so they pose no threat of infection
66
Q
A

Microbiology for Dentists (37 decks)

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