4.7 Global Interconnections

Question 1

What is New Delhi experiencing? What does this mean?

Answer 1

Hyper urbanisation. This means its rapid population growth is outstripping the ability of the authorities to provide basic needs

Question 2

How much is New Delhi expected to increase between 2010 and 2020?

Answer 2

40%

Question 3

What are the main causes of population growth in New Delhi?

Answer 3

• a high birth rate and low death rate
  -one of the world’s fastest rates of rural to urban migration

Question 4

What are the different types of rural migrants to New Delhi?

Answer 4

-the rural poor, who lack opportunities in their villages and who hope for a better future in the city
-the rural rich, who move to cities to invest in urban property and provide a better education and standard of living for their families

Question 5

What are some of the pull factors to New Delhi and other mega cities?

Answer 5

-increased FDI means new jobs
-its financial district is becoming a popular global financial hub (coca cola and Microsoft base their Indian operations there).
-better education
-agglomeration of industry and finance services means a ready market and access to labour
-Lower infant mortality rate

Question 6

What are some of the push factors from New Delhi?

Answer 6

-many live in slums and struggle to find work
-many live on the city edge and have to travel for work
-city girls are vulnerable to assault on public transport and few can afford the modern metero
-large informal economies
-disparities in wealth
-universities are usually in wealthy areas and so are inaccessible to many

Question 7

What are some of the social challenges caused by rapid growth?

Answer 7

-Today, half the world’s urban dwellers live in poverty
-Many countries have persuaded TNCs to move there by offering lower tax rates, so the reduced revenue for the government is unable to pay for badly needed infrastructure like pipe lines
-rise in homelessness
-sprawling shantytowns are the product of uncontrolled growth
-private companies are more likely than governments to provide housing, water, healthcare and energy to meet the demand of growing urban populations. More often than not, these companies will target high earners first- so wealthier areas have piped safe water, while poorer areas won’t

Question 8

What are the environmental challenges in New Delhi caused by rapid growth?

Answer 8

New Delhi was judged worst on air quality in the world with 153 micrograms of particulates per cubic metre. By contrast, London was 2516th with 16 micrograms
Number of vehicles on New Delhi’s streets is predicted to rise from 4.7 million in 2010 to 26 million in 2025.
Air pollution is India’s 5th largest killer. This comes alongside other problems such as sewage pollution, chemical dumping and fuel spillages.

Question 9

How many migrations were there in the world in 2014?

Answer 9

231.6 million migrations

Question 10

What kind of migrants have moved to London?

Answer 10

elite migrants- skilled, wealthy migrants working in the knowledge economy

Question 11

How has property made London a global hotspot?

Answer 11

-In 2013, foreign buyers were involved in 82% of property deals in London
-Qatari investments have bought into the Shard, Canary Wharf, Stratford’s East Village and One Hyde Park
-A third of all foreign purchases of residential property in London between 2004 and 2014 went to Russians. This has led to housing inflation and property prices have become too expensive for Native Londoners
-In 2011, an apartment in One Hyde Park became London’s most expensive at £136 million, when it was sold to Ukrainian oligarch

Question 12

Which countries have benefitted from low-wage migrants?

Answer 12

UAE and Qatar

Question 13

Why do UAE and Qatar need low wage migrants? How many are there?

Answer 13

they both have labour shortages because of their small populations. Migrant workers make up 90% of the UAE’s workforce. In 2014, there were 1.4 million migrants working in construction in Qatar- 400,000 of them from Nepal

Question 14

What construction project were low wage migrants working on in Qatar? What projects in general do they help to develop?

Answer 14

New football stadiums and other facilities for the 2022 world cup.
They have helped with the rapid building of infrastructure for high end international tourism and services

Question 15

How are the rights of migrant workers often abused?

Answer 15

Their entry visas are tied to a particular job, so there is the risk of being deported when the contract ends.
They often receive only US$4 a day
Workplace accidents are common- in 2012 and 2013, 964 workers died in Qatar

Question 16

How has migration become a political issue?

Answer 16

In 2015, there was a massive increase in the number of illegal migrants entering the EU. Several European countries erected steel fencing along their borders to try and control flows. Most- especially those from Syria- were trying to reach Germany and other northern European countries

Question 17

What are the benefits of migration on the host country?

Answer 17

-receives skilled foreign workers
-fills skill shortages for jobs which native people don’t want
-can sustain a growing leisure sector, especially in hospitality
-helps sustain the lifestyle of the middle class
-can balance out the ageing population

Question 18

What are the costs of migration in a host country?

Answer 18

pressure on housing, healthcare and other services

Question 19

What are the benefits of migration for the source country?

Answer 19

-reduced unemployment rate
-earns remittance payments
-gains increased employment because remittance payments are used to build homes or invest in local buisnesses

Question 20

What are the costs of migration in a source country?

Answer 20

-loss of skilled and dynamic workers (brain drain)
-suffers an imbalanced population as dependent people are left behind to manage farms or businesses on their own

Question 21

What are the variations of the flows of goods between the global north and global south?

Answer 21

Flows from the south to the north are primary goods, raw materials and food products
Flows from the north to the south are manufactured goods or services

Question 22

What are the three types of countries in the core-periphery theory?

Answer 22

core
semi-periphery
periphery

Question 23

What are core countries like?

Answer 23

North America, Europe and Japan
-owns and consumes 80% of global goods and services
-highest incomes
-makes most decisions about global economy
-provides most global investment

Question 24

What are periphery countries like?

Answer 24

-owns and consumes 20% of global goods and services despite having 75% of population
-earns lower income, 2.5 billion live on less than $2 a day
-Makes fewer decisions about the economy and provides lower investments

Question 25

What are water issues like in urbanized areas?

Answer 25

Water pollution can be a major problem along the Ganges and local water shortages can occur
Mexico City has subsided because of over abstraction from the aquifer beneath the city. Over the last 100 years, it has sunk by 30 feet

Question 26

What are some of the pull factors to Mumbai?

Answer 26

-home to some specialized technical industries such as aerospace, medical research and electronic equipment
-Contributes to 10% of factory employment in India and 40% of India’s foreign trade
-Home to Bollywood and other media industries. Bollywood produces the largest number of films per year in the world
-In the Dharavi slums, there are 5,000 businesses and 15,000 single room factories
-The slum is the most literate in the country of 69%

Question 27

What are some of the push factors from Mumbai?

Answer 27

-49% living in slums have access to shared water pipes only 5% of people living in slums have access to an individual tap
-drainage systems are often blocked and likely to flood
-73% rely on toilets provided by the government

Question 28

What are the social challenges in Mumbai?

Answer 28

-Collecting waste is a difficult issue as streets are narrow and there’s no organized system
-The majority of over 50s has no education
-Because land is such a premium, residents of Mumbai live in cheap, cramped housing far from work meaning long commutes on the busy mass transit system

Question 29

What has population growth in Mumbai been like?

Answer 29

The population of Mumbai has increased more than twelve times within the last century. It’s urban population is estimated to be 22 million and its one of the most densely populated cities in the world.
The percentage of people living in slums in Mumbai is 41.3% (9 million people)

Question 30

Describe Dharavi…

Answer 30

It’s the largest slum in India and the second largest in Asia
One million live here
pop density of 277,136