4.6.2.2 Energy changes unreversible reactions Flashcards by Ruby Pinto | Brainscape

GCSE Chemistry (164 decks)

4.1 Atomic structure and the periodic table

4.1.1 A simple model of the atom, symbols, relative atomic mass, electronic charge and isotopes

4.1.1.1 Atoms, elements and compounds

4.1.1.2 Mixtures

4.1.1.3 The development of the model of the atom

4.1.1.4 Relative electrical charges of subatomic particles

4.1.1.5 Size and mass of atoms

4.1.1.6 Relative atomic mass

4.1.1.7 Electronic structure

4.1.2 The periodic table

4.1.2.1 The periodic table

4.1.2.2 Development of the periodic table

4.1.2.3 Metals and nonmetals

4.1.2.4 Group 0

4.1.2.5 Group 1

4.1.2.6 Group 7

4.1.3 Properties of transition metals

4.1.3.1 Comparison with group 1 elements

4.1.3.2 Typical properties

4.2 Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter

4.2.1 Chemical bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic

4.2.1.1 Chemical bonds

4.2.1.2 Ionic bonding

4.2.1.3 Ionic compounds

4.2.1.4 Covalent bonding

4.2.1.5 Metallic bonding

4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances

4.2.2.1 The three states of matter

4.2.2.2 State symbols

4.2.2.3 Properties of Ionic compounds

4.2.2.4 Properties of small molecules

4.2.2.5 Polymers

4.2.2.6 Giant covalent structures

4.2.2.7 Properties of metals and alloys

4.2.2.8 Metals as conductors

4.2.3. Structure and bonding of carbon

4.2.3.1 Diamond

4.2.3.2 Graphite

4.2.3.3 Graphene and fullerenes

4.2.4 Bulk and surface properties of matter including nanoparticles

4.2.4.1 Sizes of particles and their properties

4.2.4.2 Uses of nanoparticles

4.3 Quantitative chemistry

4.3.1 Chemical measurements, conservation of mass and the quantitative interpretation of chemical equations

4.3.1.1 Conservation of mass and balanced chemical equations

4.3.1.2 Relative formula mass

4.3.1.3 Mass changes when a reactant or product is a gas

4.3.1.4 Chemical measurements

4.3.2 Use of amount of substance in relation to masses of pure substances

4.3.2.2 Amounts of substances in equations

4.3.2.3 Using moles to balance equations

4.3.2.4 Limiting reactants

4.3.2.5 Concentration of solutions

4.3.3 Yield and atom economy of chemical reactions

4.3.3.1 Percentage yield

4.3.3.2 Atom economy

4.3.5 Use of amount of substance in relation to volumes of gases

4.4 Chemical changes

4.4.1 Reactivity of metals

4.4.1.1 Metal oxides

4.4.1.2 The reactivity series

4.4.1.3 Extraction of metals and reduction

4.4.1.4 Oxidation and reduction in terms of electrons

4.4.2 Reactions of acids

4.4.2.1 Reactions of acids with metals

4.4.2.2 Neutralisation of acids and salt production

4.4.2.3 Soluble salts

4.4.2.4 The pH scale and neutralisation

4.4.2.5 Titrations

4.4.2.6 Strong and weak acids

4.4.3 Electrolysis

4.4.3.1 The process of electrolysis

4.4.3.2 Electrolysis of molten ionic compounds

4.4.3.3 Using electrolysis to extract metals

4.4.3.4 Electrolysis of aqueous solutions

4.4.3.5 Representation of reactions at electrodes as half equations

4.5 Energy changes

4.5.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions

4.5.1.1 Energy transfer during exothermic and endothermic reaction

4.5.1.2 Reaction profiles

4.5.1.3 The energy change of reactions

4.5.2 Chemical cells and fuel cells

4.5.2.1 Cells and batteries

4.5.2.2 Fuel cells

4.6 The rate an extent of chemical change

4.6.1 Rate of reaction

4.6.1.1 Calculating rates of reactions

4.6.1.2 Factors which affect the rates of chemical reactions

4.6.1.3 Collision theory and activation energy

4.6.1.4 Catalysts

4.6.2 Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium

4.6.2.1 Reversible reactions

4.6.2.2 Energy changes unreversible reactions

4.6.2.3 Equilibrium

4.6.2.4 The effect of changing conditions on equilibrium

4.6.2.5 The effect of changing concentration

4.6.2.6 The effect of temperature changes on equilibrium

4.6.2.7 The effect of pressure changes on equilibrium

4.7 Organic chemistry (all about compounds that contain carbon)

4.7.1 Carbon compounds as fuel and feedstock

4.7.1.1 Crude oil hydrocarbons and alkanes

4.7.1.2 Fractional distillation and petrochemicals

4.7.1.3 Properties of hydrocarbons

4.7.1.4 Cracking and alkenes

4.7.2 Reactions of alkenes and alcohols

4.7.2.1 Structure and formulae of alkenes

4.7.2.2 Reactions of alkenes

4.7.2.3 Alcohols

4.7.2.4 Carboxylic acids

4.7.3 Synthetic and naturally occurring polymers

4.7.3.1 Addition polymerisation

4.7.3.2 Condensation polymerisation

4.7.3.3 Amino acids

4.7.3.4 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and other naturally occurring polymers

4.8 Chemical analysis

4.8.1 Purity, formulations and chromatography

4.8.1.1 Pure substances

4.8.1.2 Formulations

4.8.1.3 Chromatography

4.8.2 Identification of common gases

4.8.2.1 Test for hydrogen

4.8.2.2 Test for oxygen

4.8.2.3 Test for carbon dioxide

4.8.2.4 Test for chlorine

4.8.3 Identification of ions by chemical and spectroscopic means

4.8.3.1 Flame tests

4.8.3.2 Metal hydroxides

8.4.3.3 Carbonates

4.8.3.4 Halides

4.8.3.5 Sulfates

4.8.3.6 Instrumental methods

4.8.3.7 Flame emission spectroscopy

4.9 Chemistry of the atmosphere

4.9.1 The composition and evolution of the Earth's atmosphere

4.9.1.1 The proportions of different gases in the atmosphere

4.9.1.2 The Earth's early atmosphere

4.9.1.3 How oxygen increased

4.9.1.4 How carbon dioxide decreased

4.9.2 Carbon dioxide and methane as greenhouse gases

4.9.2.1 Greenhouse gases

4.9.2.2 Human activities which contribute to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

4.9.2.3 Global climate change

4.9.2.4 The carbon footprint and its reduction

4.9.3 Common atmospheric pollutants and their sources

4.9.3.1 Atmospheric pollutants from fuels

4.9.3.2 Properties and effects of atmospheric pollutants

4.10 Using resources

4.10.1 Using the apps resources and obtaining potable water

4.10.1.1 Using the apps resources and sustainable development

4.10.1.2 Potable water

4.10.1.3 Waste water treatment

4.10.1.4 Alternative methods of extracting metals

4.10.2 Life cycle assessment and recycling

4.10.2.1 Life cycle assessment

4.10.2.2 Ways of reducing the use of resources

4.10.3 Using materials

4.10.3.1 Corrosion and its prevention

4.10.3.2 Alloys are useful materials

4.10.3.3 Ceramics, polymers and composites

4.10.4 The haber process and the use of NPK fertilisers

4.10.4.1 The haber process

4.10.4.2 Production and users of NPK fertilisers