4.6/Option A- Immunology And Disease

Question 1

What is an antibiotic ?

Answer 1

Substance produced by microorganisms which affect the growth of other microorganisms

Question 2

What is antibiotic resistance?

Answer 2

Where a microorganism which should be affected by an antibiotic is no longer susceptible to it

Question 3

What is meant by infectious ?

Answer 3

A disease that may be passed or transmitted from 1 individual to another

Question 4

What is meant by pathogenic ?

Answer 4

An organism that causes damage to its host

Question 5

What’s a carrier ?

Answer 5

A person who shows no symptoms when infected by a disease organism but can pass the disease onto others

Question 6

What’s an endemic ?

Answer 6

A disease always present in low levels in an area

Question 7

What’s an epidemic ?

Answer 7

Where there is a significant increase in the usual number of cases of a disease often associated with rapid spread

Question 8

What’s a pandemic ?

Answer 8

An epidemic occurring worldwide affecting large numbers of people

Question 9

What is a vaccine ?

Answer 9

Uses non- pathogenic forms, products or antigens of microorganisms to stimulate an immune response which confers protection against infection

Question 10

What are antigenic types ?

Answer 10

Organisms with same/similar antigens on the surface. Often strains of microbial species that are used to trace infection. Usually identified by antibodies from serum

Question 11

What is a disease reservoir ?

Answer 11

Long term pathogen host in an organism

Question 12

What’s a toxin ?

Answer 12

Chemical produced by a microorganism causing damage to the host

Question 13

What’s a vector ?

Answer 13

Living organism that transfers disease between individuals

Question 14

What’s an ectoparasite ?

Answer 14

Parasite that lives on the hosts surface

Question 15

What’s an endoparasite ?

Answer 15

Parasite that lives within the host

Question 16

What are the 5 main diseases to know ?

Answer 16

Cholera
Tuberculosis
Malaria
Smallpox
Influenza

Question 17

What is cholera ?

Answer 17

Waterborne
Bacterium
Transmitted via humans and water
Causes severe dehydration
Vaccine only provides temporary protection

Question 18

What is tuberculosis ?

Answer 18

Bacteria
Attacks lungs and neck lymph nodes
Transmitted by coughs and sneezes
Can be vaccinated against

Question 19

What is smallpox ?

Answer 19

Virus
Spread via contact
Vaccine has eradicated disease

Question 20

What is influenza ?

Answer 20

Virus
Transmitted by coughs and sneezes
Infects throat
Vaccines aren’t very effective

Question 21

What is malaria ?

Answer 21

Proctista
Female mosquitos feed on blood and act as vectors
Invades liver then red blood cells
Can be prevented by using nets, repellents, predators or using infertile mosquitos to reduced reproduction

Question 22

What are the 2 types f viral reproduction ?

Answer 22

Lyric cycle and lysogenic cycle

Question 23

What is a broad spectrum antibiotic ?

Answer 23

Active agains a wide range of bacteria

Question 24

What is a narrow spectrum bacteria ?

Answer 24

More selective and active against specific bacterial species

Question 25

What does a bactericidal antibiotic do ?

Answer 25

Kill bacteria

Question 26

What does a bacteriostatic antibiotic do ?

Answer 26

Prevent multiplication of bacteria

Question 27

What is the benefit of gram b=negative bacteria’s lipopolysaccharide layer in terms of antibiotics ?

Answer 27

Protects cell from lysis as antibiotics cannot break down lipopolysaccharide layer to cause cell lysis

Question 28

What does penicillin affect ?

Answer 28

Formation of cross links in cell wall during bacterial cell growth and division so the cell wall is weaker meaning lysis occurs

Question 29

What does tetracycline affect ?

Answer 29

Protein synthesis so prevents binding of tRNA to complementary codon affecting transcription

Question 30

Why are viruses not affected by antibiotics ?

Answer 30

Due to not having metabolic pathways

Question 31

What are the body’s natural barriers ?

Answer 31

Skin Blood clotting Inflammation Phagocytosis Ciliated mucous membranes Lysoszyme in tears and salvia Stomach acid

Question 32

What is the innate immune system ?

Answer 32

Non specific and immediate with non specific responses that are natural barriers against infection

Question 33

What is the adaptive immune system ?

Answer 33

Specific but longer response to each antigens, involves a hum oral and cell mediated response

Question 34

What is the humoral response ?

Answer 34

Production and secretion of antigen specific antibodies

Question 35

What is the cell mediated response ?

Answer 35

Activation of phagocytise cells, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes by direct cell contact in destruction of pathogens, infected cells and cancerous cells.

Question 36

What stimulates differentiation in the humoral response ?

Answer 36

Cytokine from helper T cells

Question 37

Where are B lymphocytes produced and matured ?

Answer 37

By stem cells in bone marrow and mature in spleen and lymph nodes

Question 38

Where to T lymphocytes come from and mature ?

Answer 38

Produced in stem cells in bone marrow but mature/activated in thymus gland

Question 39

What cells produce cytokine ?

Answer 39

Helper T cells

Question 40

What is an antibody formed from ?

Answer 40

4 polypeptide chains

Question 41

How many antigen binding sites does an antibody have ?

Answer 41

2

Question 42

What is the primary immune response ?

Answer 42

Phagocytosis occurs T cells are activated and undergo colonial expression T helper cells secrete cytokines T killer cells causes lysis of pathogens T memory cells are produced

Question 43

What does the secondary immune response involve ?

Answer 43

Uses memory cells Rapid response More antibodies created Fewer symptoms

Question 44

What is active immunity ?

Answer 44

When the individual produces antibodies that may be natural after infection or artificial after injection with long lasting protection

Question 45

What is passive immunity ?

Answer 45

Receiving antibodies from another individual such as via breastfeeding, placenta or pre synthesised antibody injection

Question 46

What must antigens used in vaccines be ?

Answer 46

Highly immunogenic and able to stimulate a specific protective response to the pathogen

Question 47

What are the ethics regarding vaccinations ?

Answer 47

Cost vs effectiveness Protection of individual vs protection of community Rights of individual Side effects