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Biology Unit 4 > 4.1- Sexual Reproduction In Humans > Flashcards

4.1- Sexual Reproduction In Humans Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the scrotum ?

A

Contain the testes

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2
Q

What is the function of the testes ?

A

Contain seminiferous tubules, spermatogenesis occurs here

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3
Q

What happens in the epididymis ?

A

Spermatozoa mature

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4
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens ?

A

Connects epididymis to the urethra

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5
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles ?

A

Produce mucus secretions that neutralise acidity and aids spermatozoa mobility

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6
Q

What is the function of the urethra ?

A

Tube that carries spermatozoa and urine out of the body

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7
Q

What is the penis ?

A

An intromittent organ that inserts spermatozoa into the female reproductive system

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8
Q

What is th function of the ovary ?

A

Produce gametes, oestrogen and progesterone

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9
Q

What is the function of fallopians tubes/ oviduct ?

A

Lined with epithelial cells which move the secondary oocyte to the uterus

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10
Q

What is the function of the uterus ?

A

Holds the developing foetus until birth

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11
Q

What is the function of the endometrium ?

A

The lining of the uterus that sheds during menstruation and the embryo implants into here

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12
Q

What occurs in the vagina ?

A

Spermatozoa are deposited into the top during sexual intercourse

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13
Q

What is the function of the urethra ?

A

Tube which allows urine excretion

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14
Q

What is the function of the cervix ?

A

Narrow ring of connective tissue which is a pathway for sperm to enter the uterus. Blood flows out in menstruation and baby’s s birthed through.

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15
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus ?

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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16
Q

What does the acrosome of a sperm cell contain ?

A

Protease enzymes

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17
Q

What is spermatogenesis ?

A

Formation of sperm in the testes, takes place in seminiferous tubules

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18
Q

What 3 processes occur during spermatogenesis ?

A

Mitosis
Meiosis
Maturation

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19
Q

What doe spermatogenesis begin with ?

A

Germinal epithelium cell

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20
Q

Where is a Sertoli cell found ?

A

Walls of seminiferous tubules

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21
Q

What is the function of Sertoli cells ?

A

Secrete fluid that nourishes spermatozoa, protects from male immune system, removes toxic waste products and supplies oxygen

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22
Q

What is the function of leydig cells ?

A

Secrete testosterone and stimulate spermatogenesis

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23
Q

What is oogenesis ?

A

Production of oocytes in the ovaries

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24
Q

What occurs in oogenesis before birth ?

A

Mitosis
Germinal epithelium cells undergo mitosis forming oognia then primary oocytes
Process stops at prophase 1

25
What occurs in oogenesis monthly after puberty ?
Follicles develop but 1 forms a Graafian follicle Meiosis occurs Secondary oocyte and 1 polar body forms Secondary oocyte begins meiosis 2 but stops at metaphase 2
26
What occurs in oogenesis if fertilisation occurs ?
Meiosis 2 completes forming a large ovum and 2nd polar body Ovum uncles forms with sperm to form zygote
27
How many haploid cells does spermatogenesis produce ?
4
28
What is spermatogenesis regulated by ?
Testosterone
29
What is oogenesis regulated by ?
FSH
30
What to primary follicles develop into ?
Graafian follicles release a secondary oocyte at ovulation
31
What does the corpus luteum secrete ?
Oestrogen and progesterone
32
What is capacitation ?
Allows sperm to fertilise the secondary oocyte Removes cholesterol and glycoproteins from acrosome cell membrane Sperm motility increases Membrane more fluid and permeable to calcium ions
33
What is the acrosome reaction ?
Acrosome releases enzymes that digest corona radiata cells, acrosome membrane ruptures when it contacts the zona pellucida releasing more enzymes
34
What is the cortical reaction ?
Oocyte reaction producing fertilisation membrane, prevents poly sperm, cortical granule membrane fuse with oocyte membrane and contents are released, zona pellucida converted into fertilisation membrane
35
What does implantation begin with ?
Secondary oocyte
36
What is the function of the placenta ?
Connects the embryo and foetus to the uterus wall
37
Function of the placenta
Exchange gas and nutrients - Waste products, glucose, O2, CO2 Barrier between maternal and foetal blood Secrete hormones
38
What does the menstrual cycle involve ?
Production and release of an egg preparing the uterus to receive an egg if implantation occurs Progesterone, oestrogen, FSH and LH hormones
39
40
What is FSH and LH secretion stimulated by ?
Gonadotrophic releasing hormone (GnRH) secreted by the hypothalamus
41
What does FSH stimulate ?
Development of primary follicles in the ovary and production of oestrogen in thecal cells
42
Where is FSH and LH secreted from ?
Anterior pituitary gland
43
What is the main role of LH ?
Induce ovulation and cause secondary oocyte to be released
44
What inhibit further secretion of FSH and LH ?
Oestrogen and Progesterone
45
What is the endocrine gland for oestrogen ?
Theca Corpus Luteum Placenta
46
What are the effects and functions of oestrogen ?
Rebuild endometrium Negative feedback on FSH Positive feedback on LH Secondary sexual characteristics Inhibit prolactin synthesis
47
What is the endocrine gland for progesterone ?
Corpus Luteum and placenta
48
What are the effects/ functions of progesterone ?
Maintain the endometrium Negative feedback on FSH and LH Inhibits oxytocin in pregnancy
49
What is the endocrine gland for oxytocin ?
Hypothalamus
50
Where is oxytocin stored ?
Posterior pituitary gland
51
What are the effects/ function of oxytocin ?
Contract smooth muscle in myometrium and milk ducts
52
What is the endocrine gland for prolactin ?
Anterior pituitary gland
53
What is the function of prolactin ?
Milk synthesis
54
What is the endocrine gland for hCG ?
Blastocyst in the placenta
55
What is the function of hCG ?
Maintain the corpus luteum
56
What is the function/ effects of testosterone ?
Sperm development and secondary sexual characteristics
57
What is the function of FSH in males ?
Sperm development
58
What is the function of LH in males ?
Stimulate leydig cells

Biology Unit 4 (6 decks)

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