4.5- Application Of Reproduction And Genetics

Question 1

Define genetics

Answer 1

The study of the functions of single genes

Question 2

Define genomics

Answer 2

A study of the complete genetic material of an organism

Question 3

Are exons coding or non coding ?

Answer 3

Coding

Question 4

Are introns coding or non coding ?

Answer 4

Non coding

Question 5

Define genomes

Answer 5

An organisms complete set of genetic instructions

Question 6

What is the human genome projects aims ?

Answer 6

Identify all genes in a human genome, their chromosome locations and base sequences

Question 7

What is Sanger sequencing ?

Answer 7

A method of sequencing DNA quicker and easier

Question 8

What is the 100K genome project ?

Answer 8

Use of next generation sequencing the sequence an entire genome quickly allowing variation of human genome of 100,000 people to be studied

Question 9

What does DNA profiling and genetic fingerprinting show ?

Answer 9

Only the non coding (introns) of DNA

Question 10

What are short tandem repeats ?

Answer 10

Number of times introns are repeated creating genetic variation

Question 11

What are the 2 methods to produce a DNA profile ?

Answer 11

Polymerase chain reaction
Gel electrophoresis

Question 12

What is the process of the polymerase chain reaction ?

Answer 12

1- Heat DNA to 95 so separates into 2 single strands
2- Cool to 55 to trigger primers for DNA replication
3- Heat to 70 to form 2 identical double strands of DNA

Question 13

What is gel electrophoresis ?

Answer 13

Separation of DNA fragments according to size, smaller move further

Question 14

What enzymes are used in gel electrophoresis ?

Answer 14

Restriction endonuclease

Question 15

How are bands of genetic profiles compared ?

Answer 15

By position and thickness

Question 16

What is genetic engineering ?

Answer 16

Transfer of a gene from 1 organism to another so the gene is expressed in new host cell

Question 17

What does transgenic mean ?

Answer 17

New host cell/ organism with transferred gene

Question 18

What are the 4 key steps of genetic engineering ?

Answer 18

1- Identify and obtain the gene
2-Insert gene into a vector producing recombinant DNA
3- Insert vector into host cell and identify transgenic organism
4- Production of protein by host cell

Question 19

What are the 2 types of enzymes used to identify and obtain a gene in genetic engineering ?

Answer 19

Reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase

Question 20

What are the 2 different methods used to identify and obtain a gene in genetic engineering ?

Answer 20

Use of reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase
Use of restriction endonuclease

Question 21

What are the positives of genetic engineering in bacteria ?

Answer 21

Produce medical products
Preventive/ treat disease
Enhance crop growth
Environmental use

Question 22

What are the negatives of genetic engineering in bacteria ?

Answer 22

Greater resistance development
May stimulate oncogenes
New gene may disturb/ cause threat to environment

Question 23

What are the 2 main approaches for gene therapy ?

Answer 23

Somatic cell therapy
Germ line therapy

Question 24

What is gene therapy ?

Answer 24

Technique where a defective allele is replaced with one cloned from a healthy specie providing treatment or cure

Question 25

What are some implications of somatic cell therapy?

Answer 25

Changes not inherited in daughter cells of treated cells Regular treatment required

Question 26

What is germ line therapy ?

Answer 26

Introduction of corrective genes into germ line cell so genetic corrections are inherited

Question 27

What is an implication of germ line therapy ?

Answer 27

Can cause unpredictable effects in the future

Question 28

How can gene therapy be used o help people with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy ?

Answer 28

Use of drisapersen to act as a molecular patch over mutated exons making the gene readable again.

Question 29

Define genomics

Answer 29

Study of the structure, function, evolution and mapping of genomes

Question 30

What is tissue engineering ?

Answer 30

Inducing living cells to grow on a framework of synthetic material to produce tissue

Question 31

What is the aim of tissue engineering ?

Answer 31

To repair, improve or replace biological functions by replacing tissues or organs

Question 32

What is a stem cell ?

Answer 32

An undifferentiated cell capable of dividing to give rise to cells which can develop into different types of specialised cells

Question 33

Where are stem cells sourced from ?

Answer 33

Embryos Adult tissue such as bone marrow