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Biology A level > 4.5 Species and Taxonomy > Flashcards

4.5 Species and Taxonomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is species?

A

organsism with shared characteristics that interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

Why doesnt the definition of species apply to single-celled orgs?

A

they are asexual = no interbreeding

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3
Q

How is interbreeding tested?

A
  • pops are isolated and interbred
  • orgs in fossil records
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4
Q

What is an example of the difficulties defining species?

A

mule = cross between a horse and a donkey
mules are sterile = infertile
mules have odd no. of chromosomes so cannot form homo pairs = no meiosis

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5
Q

Why is it difficult to distinguish different species using fossil records?

A

cant see all characteristics
difficult to test interbreeding

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6
Q

How is it difficut to distinguish a species?

A

variation within a species

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7
Q

What are courtship behaviours?

A

complex displays that help an individual attract a mate

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8
Q

What are the purposes of courtship behaviours?

A

helps individuals to recognise members of their own species
helps ensure both individuals are in the correct physiological state for breeding
forms a pair bond
synchronise mating for when the female is fertile

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9
Q

What is classification?

A

orgs are placed in groups = taxonomy

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10
Q

What are the 2 purposes of classification?

A

gives an idea of what species are related
predict characteristics of newly discovered orgs

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11
Q

What is a taxon?

A

the specific group a org is in

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12
Q

What is the 5 kingdom classification based on?

A

cell type and organisation of cells
nutrition

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13
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A

Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Protoctista
Prokaryota

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14
Q

What is the limitation of 5 kingdom classification?

A

doesnt show how diff prokaryotic bacteria are diff

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15
Q

What is hierachal classification?

A

large groups sub-divided into smaller groups

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16
Q

How is the hierachal classification discrete?

A

no overlapp in taxons

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17
Q

What does orgs with shared taxons tell you?

A

they have more shared and similar characteristics

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18
Q

What is humans full taxons?

A

kingdom = animalia
phylum = chordates (vertebrates)
class = mammals
order = primates
family = homondids
genus = homo
species = sapien

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19
Q

What are features of the bionomial naming system?

A

unambiguous = not open to interpretation
universal = understood by all
uses latin = recognised scholary language

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20
Q

What does the bionomial naming system show?

A

evolutionary relationships

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21
Q

How do you write a biomial name?

A

Genus species
capital for genus
lower case for species
underline

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22
Q

What do phylogenetic trees show?

A

provides an idea of evolutionary relationships and shared characteristics

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23
Q

What does the end of the branch in a phylogenetic tree show?

A

species that currently exist

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24
Q

How can you tell if species are more closely related from a phylogenetic tree?

A

they share a greater proportion of lines of decent

25
Q

What is homologous structures?

A

same fundamental structure but different structure

26
Q

What is an example of homologous structures?

A

pentadactile limbs - includes lizard, bird, human, whale
bone structure is 1-2-5 from top of arm

27
Q

What are homologous structures evidence of?

A

a recent common ancestor

28
Q

What type of evolution results in homologous structures?

A

divergent evolution

29
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

a process in which closely related species or populations develop different traits over time, usually due to geographic separation or different selective pressures

30
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

different structures but same fundamental function

31
Q

What is the issue with analogous structures?

A

they are not from a common ancestor - causes problems for classification and phylogenetics due to similar structures

32
Q

What are examples of analogous structures?

A

whale, turtle, fish, penguin

33
Q

What type of evoltion leads to analogous structures?

A

convergent evolution

34
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

biological process that occurs when organisms that are not closely related evolve similar traits or behaviors

35
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Eubacteria
Archaea
Eukaryota

36
Q

Which 2 domains include Prokaryotes?

A

Eubacteria and Archaea

37
Q

Which 2 domains are most closely related?

A

Archaea and Eukaryota

38
Q

What kingdoms is in the Eukaryota domain?

A

protoctista
fungi
plantae
animalia

39
Q

What type of bacteria is in the Archaea domain?

A

extremaphiles

40
Q

What are extremaphiles?

A

bacteria which can survive in very harsh conditions

41
Q

Why is there 2 seperate domains for prokaryotes?

A

extremaphiles part of archaea domain have a different rRNA base sequence to prokaryotes in Eubacteria domain

42
Q

What is a phylogenetic group?

A

a group of organisms classified together based on common ancestors and shared characteristics

43
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

classifying orgs based on characteristics and evolutionary relationships

44
Q

What 6 common characteristics do all organisms share?

A
  1. all have DNA or RNA as their genetic material
  2. genetic code is universal = same codon on mRNA for an aa
  3. proteins are formed from the same 20 aa
  4. ATP = universal molecule for energy
  5. all have phospholipid membranes
  6. vital physiological processes follow very similar metabolic pathways
45
Q

What are the 3 ways of investigating evolutionary relationships?

A

comparision of DNA base seqeunces - genetic fingerprinting and DNA hybridisation
comparision of protein and amino acid sequences
immunology

46
Q

How does comparing DNA base sequences show evolutionary relationships?

A

provides a reliable indicator of similarity without the problem or morphological covergence (analogous structures)

47
Q

What are the 2 methods of comparing DNA base sequences?

A

genetic fingerprinting
DNA hybridisation

48
Q

What are VNTRs?

A

variable number tandem repeats = found in introns, long sequences of DNA bases that repeat over and over

49
Q

How can you tell if 2 people are related by VNTRs?

A

more similar VNTRs = more closely related

50
Q

What is genetic fingerprinting?

A

the analysis of VNTR DNA fragments used to determine genetic relationships and the genetic variabiliy within a population

51
Q

What is done to a small DNA ample to amplify the amount of DNA?

A

PCR = polymerase chain reaction

52
Q

What is DNA hybridisation?

A

a process in which 2 complementary DNA/RNA strands bond together to form a double-stranded molecule

53
Q

What is the process of DNA hybridisation?

A
  1. compares DNA base seq od two species
  2. DNA from both species extracted and cut into fragments
  3. fragment of 2 species are mixed together
  4. complementary base seq hybridise (bond) together
54
Q

How is comparisions of protein and amino acid seq be used to test evolutionary relationships?

A
  1. changes in DNA base seq will alter a.a seq in a protein
  2. comparisons of a.a seq of common proteins used to estimate relatedness between species
55
Q

What is the issue with using comparison of protein amino acid sequences to find evolutionary relationships?

A

the number of common proteins is limited as most of the new studied use RNA or DNA sequence

56
Q

How is immunology used to test for evolutionary relationships?

A

mix antigens of one species (blood plasma proteins) with specific antibodies of another so that a precipitate will form
the closer the evolutionary advantage = more precipitate will form

57
Q

What is used to work out evolutionary relationships?

A

homologous structures and biochemical analysis

58
Q

Why is taxonomy known as dynamic?

A

diff opinions about whether morphology or genetics are more central for the basis of classification

Biology A level (27 decks)

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