4.5 Human Circulatory System Flashcards
3 components of any transport system
1) Fluid
2) Tubes
3) Pump
PART I: BLOOD - THE FLUID
- What type of tissue? What does that tissue consist of?
-What is WHOLE BLOOD?
- What is centrifugation?
- How much blood does the adult human body has?
- is considered to be a “connective tissue”, a tissue that consists of cells suspended in a liquid.
When blood is collected it is called WHOLE BLOOD.
The components of whole blood can be separated by a technique called centrifugation.
An adult human body contains
between 4-5 L of blood.
4 components of BLOOD
- key
- Physical description (made up of?)
- Produced where?
- Function?
- Lifespan?
proteins of the first component?
Plasma, Erythrocytes, Plateles & Leukocytes
1) PLASMA (makes up approx. 55% of blood)
- YELLOW straw coloured fluid
- 90% water
- remaining 10% made up of DISSOLVED SOLUTES including [vitamins, minerals,
electrolytes, glucose, salts, gases]
-Produced in cells of liver.
-Short lived > 3-5 days
-Long lived > months to lifetime
—> plasma also contains several key
proteins:
- albumin: regulates H2O in plasma (BLOOD VOLUME)
- fibrinogen: blood CLOTTING response
- globulins: carry HORMONES and ANTIBODIES
ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD CELLS) (2nd component of blood)
- Where are the second component produced?
>Phyisical description?
> Nucleus?
>Production?
> lifespan?
> Travel?
> Function?
– Structure of the protein hemoglobin
2) ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD CELLS) (approx 44%
of blood)
- SMALL (8 µm) and BICONCAVE
- MATURE RBC lose their NUCLEUS when they enter
the bloodstream
—>where are they produced:
in EMBRYO –> [spleen, liver, & lymph nodes]
adults –> in [red bone marrow] FROM
[nucleated stem cells]
> lifespan: 90-120 days
2-3 MILLION RBCs made every SECOND
a single blood cell will travel
approximately [1100 km] in its lifespan
(( FUNCTION OF ERYTHROCYTES))
- transport O2 and CO2 around the body to allow for GAS EXCHANGE
- O2 and CO2 gases will DIFFUSE from
high [ ] to low [ ] - the protein HEMOGLOBIN can carry 4 Oxygen Molecules at a time.
hemoglobin is a [transport protein] made up of [4] POLYPEPTIDES with [4]
HEME groups, each with an IRON atom at its center.
there can be up to 280 MILLION hemoglobin molecules PER RBC
PLATELETS (the third component of blood)
- Physical description (made up of?)
- Produced where?
- Function?
- Lifespan?
3) PLATELETS (CELL FRAGMENTS) (less than 1%)
- smallest cellular components (2 µm)
- no nucleus
- contains histamines (involved in allergic reactions and
inflammatory process)
where are they PRODUCED:
—> red bone marrow and lungs
Function:
—>initiates blood clotting process by releasing thromboplastin
Lifespan: 7-10 days
LEUKOCYTES (WHITE BLOOD CELLS) (1-5%)
- Physical description (the foundation)
- Different types (2)
- Produced where?
-Lifespan?
- largest cellular components
- many different types; granular,agranular
- the foundation of the immune
system, includes lymphocytes,
phagocytes and many other
types of cells
where are they produced:
—>red bone marrow
Lifespan: hours-days
[Carbon Monoxide and
Hemoglobin…]
What is affinity?
the ATTRACTION between molecules can be described as their affinity for one another.
Affinity between hemoglobin and Carbon Monoxide
hemoglobin has a HIGHER affinity for carbon monoxide (CO) than it does for either O2 or CO2
carbon monoxide is a clear,
colourless gas.
DO WE ALL HAVE THE SAME # OF RBC???
natural variation…
- 5.5 million RBC in average male/mL of blood
- 4.5 million RBC in average female/mL of blood
What is erythopoietin (EPO)?
O2 in the body DROPS below an acceptable level
the brain signals the production of a hormone called ERYTHOPOIETIN (EPO) in the KIDNEYS that stimulates the production of more RBC in the bone
marrow.
What are the “+” & “-“ of the blood types?
There is a second antigen
called the Rhesus factor.
What does the “+” & “-“ mean?
The (+) means that the person
expresses the Rh protein on
their blood cells.
The (-) means that the person
does NOT express the Rh
protein on their blood cells.
Rh Hemolytic Disease
If mother is RhD- and the
embryo is RhD +, the mother’s
immune system will make
antibodies but usually late
enough in the pregnancy not to
do any damage to the fetus.
A second pregnancy with an RhD+ baby might get attacked by
the mothers immune system early on → possibly causing a
miscarriage, or causing the fetus to suffer hemolysis
Above average white blood cell count?
Fighting off a disease
- stress response from the immune system and, therefore, has the potential to cause fatigue.
Other symptoms:
- shortness of breath,
- anemia,
- frequent infections.
Below average white blood cell count?
- blood cells are getting attacked
- more prone to disease.
Below average hemoglobin or hematocrit levels?
- low iron; because hemoglobin protein contains iron atom
- cayses anemia
- tired
A platelet count close to zero?
-Hymophilia—> can’t clot blood
Irregular albumin?
Too much water
> kidneys can’t get rid of the excess water. The sodium content of your blood becomes diluted. This is called hyponatremia, life threatening.
Too litte water
>Moodiness, dehydration –> neurological cahnges affecting the ability to focus.
Above average blood glucose levels?
Higher chance of diabetes
{pancreas is unable to produce insulin; body is resistant to the effects of insulin, or it doesn’t make enough insulin to keep a normal glucose level}
Why will they test your iron level with a finger prick?
- faster and less expensive than from the veins
- to measure the hemoglobin level.
Why do they check your blood pressure and temperature?
- body’s basic functions
- to understand how a body is functioning and to detect and monitor health issues
How much blood will they take? How long will it last?
approximately 450 mL, slightly less, take just over an hour.
What happens to the blood once you donate it?
Blood is then separated into its 3 components (red blood cells, plasma, and platelets).
How often can you donate blood?
Female donors = need to wait 12 weeks between blood donations to allow iron levels to recover. The current waiting period is 8 weeks.
Male donors = every 56 days — but they’ll need to pass a slightly stricter hemoglobin test.
