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Chemistry unit 4 > 4.5 Carbonyl Compounds > Flashcards

4.5 Carbonyl Compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the carbonyl functional group?

A
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2
Q

What is the carbonyl functional group?

A
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3
Q

what is the name of an aldehyde containing 3 carbons?

A

propanal

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4
Q

what is the name of a ketone containing 3 carbons?

A

propanone

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5
Q

what is the name of a carboxylic acid containing 3 carbons?

A

propanoic acid

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6
Q

what is the name of an acyl chloride containing 3 carbons?

A

propanoyl chloride

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7
Q

what is the name of an amide containing 3 carbons?

A

propanamide

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8
Q

what is the name of an ester containing 3 propanoic acid and methanol?

A

methyl propanoate

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9
Q

what is the name of an acid anhydride formed from 3 carbon carboxylic acids?

A

propanoic anhydride

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10
Q

what does [O] represent in equations?

A

the oxidising agent

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11
Q

between aldehydes and ketones, which is oxidised the easiest?

A

aldehydes

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12
Q

what is observed when tollens’ reagent is added to an aldehyde?

A

a silver mirror forms

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13
Q

what is observed when tollens’ reagent is added to a ketone?

A

there is no observable change

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14
Q

what is observed when fehling’s solution is added to an aldehyde?

A

blue solution –> red precipitate

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15
Q

what is observed when fehling’s solution is added to a ketone?

A

no observable change

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16
Q

what can aldehydes and ketones be reduced to?

A

primary or secondary alcohols

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17
Q

what is the name of an aldehyde containing 3 carbons?

A

propanal

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18
Q

what is the name of a ketone containing 3 carbons?

A

propanone

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19
Q

what is the name of a carboxylic acid containing 3 carbons?

A

propanoic acid

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20
Q

what is the name of an acyl chloride containing 3 carbons?

A

propanoyl chloride

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21
Q

what is the name of an amide containing 3 carbons?

A

propanamide

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22
Q

what is the name of an ester containing 3 propanoic acid and methanol?

A

methyl propanoate

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23
Q

what is the name of an acid anhydride formed from 3 carbon carboxylic acids?

A

propanoic anhydride

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24
Q

what does [O] represent in equations?

A

the oxidising agent

25
Q

between aldehydes and ketones, which is oxidised the easiest?

A

aldehydes

26
Q

what is observed when tollens’ reagent is added to an aldehyde?

A

a silver mirror forms

27
Q

what is observed when tollens’ reagent is added to a ketone?

A

there is no observable change

28
Q

what is observed when fehling’s solution is added to an aldehyde?

A

blue solution –> red precipitate

29
Q

what is observed when fehling’s solution is added to a ketone?

A

no observable change

30
Q

what can aldehydes and ketones be reduced to?

A

primary or secondary alcohols

31
Q

what is commonly used to reduce carbonyl compounds?

A

NaBH4

32
Q

what nucleophile is produced from NaBH4?

A

hydride ion, H-

33
Q

how is the reductant represented in equations?

A

[H]

34
Q

what is produced when aldehydes and ketones react with hydrogen cyanide

A

hydroxynitriles

35
Q

what must happen to the hydroxynitrile in order for it to become a carboxylic acid?

A

the nitrile group must be hydrolysed in acidic conditions

36
Q

what is a simple test for presence of a carboxylic acid?

A

fizzing or effervescence is seen when a carboxylic acid is added to sodium carbonate

37
Q

what is esterification?

A

when carboxylic acids react with alcohol to produce esters

38
Q

where does the first part of the ester name come from?

A

the alcohol

39
Q

where does the second part of the ester name come from?

A

the carboxylic acid

40
Q

what is a use of esters?

A

they are used as solvents for varnishes, perfumes and glues

41
Q

what smell do esters give off?

A

a fruity smell

42
Q

why are esters used as flavourings in food?

A

the cost of manufacturing esters is much less than the cost of extracting natural flavours

43
Q

why are plasticisers added to polymers?

A

to let the polymer molecules slide over each other more easily

44
Q

what are properties and uses of PVC?

A

PVC is hard and used to make window frames, pipes and guttering

45
Q

what are properties and uses of PVC with plasticisers?

A

soft and is used for raincoats, floor covering, or electrical insulation

46
Q

what may happen to plasticisers over time?

A

they may gradually evaporate, causing the polymer to become hard and inflexible

47
Q

what is produced when carboxylic acids react with alcohol?

A

esters and water

48
Q

what is a use of esters?

A

manufacturing of soap

49
Q

in what 2 conditions can esters be hydrolysed in?

A

acidic or basic

50
Q

what does acid-catalysed hydrolysis produce?

A

a carboxylic acid

51
Q

what are the conditions of acid-catalysed hydrolysis?

A

the ester is heated under reflux conditions in the presence of dilute hydrochloric acid

52
Q

what does base-catalysed hydrolysis produce?

A

a salt of the carboxylic acid

53
Q

what are the conditions of base-catalysed hydrolysis?

A

the ester is heated under reflux conditions in the presence of a dilute strong base such as NaOH

54
Q

what are vegetable oils and animal fats?

A

triglycerides

55
Q

what are triesters made up of?

A

Propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol) and long chain carboxylic acids

56
Q

what is glycerol used for?

A

it is an ingredient of processed foods, cosmetics, and toothpastes

57
Q

what is a use for the sodium/potassium salt?

A

soap

58
Q

how is biodiesel made?

A

made by heating vegetable oils with methanol and sodium hydroxide

59
Q

what is the process of making biodiesel called?

A

base-catalysed transesterification

Chemistry unit 4 (12 decks)

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