4.5 Carbonyl Compounds Flashcards
What is the carbonyl functional group?
What is the carbonyl functional group?
what is the name of an aldehyde containing 3 carbons?
propanal
what is the name of a ketone containing 3 carbons?
propanone
what is the name of a carboxylic acid containing 3 carbons?
propanoic acid
what is the name of an acyl chloride containing 3 carbons?
propanoyl chloride
what is the name of an amide containing 3 carbons?
propanamide
what is the name of an ester containing 3 propanoic acid and methanol?
methyl propanoate
what is the name of an acid anhydride formed from 3 carbon carboxylic acids?
propanoic anhydride
what does [O] represent in equations?
the oxidising agent
between aldehydes and ketones, which is oxidised the easiest?
aldehydes
what is observed when tollens’ reagent is added to an aldehyde?
a silver mirror forms
what is observed when tollens’ reagent is added to a ketone?
there is no observable change
what is observed when fehling’s solution is added to an aldehyde?
blue solution –> red precipitate
what is observed when fehling’s solution is added to a ketone?
no observable change
what can aldehydes and ketones be reduced to?
primary or secondary alcohols
what is the name of an aldehyde containing 3 carbons?
propanal
what is the name of a ketone containing 3 carbons?
propanone
what is the name of a carboxylic acid containing 3 carbons?
propanoic acid
what is the name of an acyl chloride containing 3 carbons?
propanoyl chloride
what is the name of an amide containing 3 carbons?
propanamide
what is the name of an ester containing 3 propanoic acid and methanol?
methyl propanoate
what is the name of an acid anhydride formed from 3 carbon carboxylic acids?
propanoic anhydride
what does [O] represent in equations?
the oxidising agent
between aldehydes and ketones, which is oxidised the easiest?
aldehydes
what is observed when tollens’ reagent is added to an aldehyde?
a silver mirror forms
what is observed when tollens’ reagent is added to a ketone?
there is no observable change
what is observed when fehling’s solution is added to an aldehyde?
blue solution –> red precipitate
what is observed when fehling’s solution is added to a ketone?
no observable change
what can aldehydes and ketones be reduced to?
primary or secondary alcohols
what is commonly used to reduce carbonyl compounds?
NaBH4
what nucleophile is produced from NaBH4?
hydride ion, H-
how is the reductant represented in equations?
[H]
what is produced when aldehydes and ketones react with hydrogen cyanide
hydroxynitriles
what must happen to the hydroxynitrile in order for it to become a carboxylic acid?
the nitrile group must be hydrolysed in acidic conditions
what is a simple test for presence of a carboxylic acid?
fizzing or effervescence is seen when a carboxylic acid is added to sodium carbonate
what is esterification?
when carboxylic acids react with alcohol to produce esters
where does the first part of the ester name come from?
the alcohol
where does the second part of the ester name come from?
the carboxylic acid
what is a use of esters?
they are used as solvents for varnishes, perfumes and glues
what smell do esters give off?
a fruity smell
why are esters used as flavourings in food?
the cost of manufacturing esters is much less than the cost of extracting natural flavours
why are plasticisers added to polymers?
to let the polymer molecules slide over each other more easily
what are properties and uses of PVC?
PVC is hard and used to make window frames, pipes and guttering
what are properties and uses of PVC with plasticisers?
soft and is used for raincoats, floor covering, or electrical insulation
what may happen to plasticisers over time?
they may gradually evaporate, causing the polymer to become hard and inflexible
what is produced when carboxylic acids react with alcohol?
esters and water
what is a use of esters?
manufacturing of soap
in what 2 conditions can esters be hydrolysed in?
acidic or basic
what does acid-catalysed hydrolysis produce?
a carboxylic acid
what are the conditions of acid-catalysed hydrolysis?
the ester is heated under reflux conditions in the presence of dilute hydrochloric acid
what does base-catalysed hydrolysis produce?
a salt of the carboxylic acid
what are the conditions of base-catalysed hydrolysis?
the ester is heated under reflux conditions in the presence of a dilute strong base such as NaOH
what are vegetable oils and animal fats?
triglycerides
what are triesters made up of?
Propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol) and long chain carboxylic acids
what is glycerol used for?
it is an ingredient of processed foods, cosmetics, and toothpastes
what is a use for the sodium/potassium salt?
soap
how is biodiesel made?
made by heating vegetable oils with methanol and sodium hydroxide
what is the process of making biodiesel called?
base-catalysed transesterification
