Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANESTHESIA - 2 > 44 – Euthanasia > Flashcards

44 – Euthanasia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the euthanasia AVMA classifications?

A
  • Acceptable
  • Acceptable with conditions
  • Unacceptable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What makes it an acceptable method? (criteria)

A
  • Consent
  • Pain free
  • Limit stress
  • Safety
  • Quick
  • Reliable
  • Effective: loss of consciousness followed by death
  • Irreversibility
  • Emotional effect
  • Environmental impacts
  • *12 criteria in total
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ideal euthanasia: order we want things to be in (process that are occurring in the body)

A
  1. Depression of neurons necessary for life function: loss of consciousness (can include anesthesia)
  2. Hypoxia: cardiac and respiratory arrest
  3. Physical disruption of brain activity and destruction of neurons necessary for life: LOSS OF BRAIN FUNCTION
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the options for how to do euthanasia?

A
  • Chemical: inhalant, non-inhalant
  • Physical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the inhalant agents for euthanasia?

A
  • Isoflurane (irritating)
  • Halothane, sevoflurane (non-noxious odour)
  • NO increase to speed of onset
  • CO: acceptable
  • CO2: controversial (acceptable w/conditions)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Inhalant agents: important things to remember/consider

A
  • Chamber method <7kg
    o Container needs to be large enough to prevent hypoxia
  • If can’t get a vein in
  • If no injectables available
  • Sometimes if during surgery you decide
  • Downside: human exposure
  • FAST
  • Confirmation of death required (heartbeat, breathing, touch cornea and pupils)
  • NOT appropriate for reptiles, amphibians, diving birds and mammals (can HOLD THEIR BREATH FOR A LONG TIME)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

CO and CO2

A
  • Used for dogs/cats in some humane societies and for rodents and birds
  • *Species dependant aversion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CO

A
  • Acceptable
  • Signs of agitation, convulsions, muscle spasms, vocalization (can be difficult for the humans involved)
  • Source is important (from a tank, not a CAR!)
  • Blocks O2 uptake by RBCs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

CO2

A
  • Hyperventilate and get acidosis (pain from carbonic acid)
  • Breathlessness: panic
  • Direct simulation of amygdala: fear response
  • 7.5% increases pain threshold (takes time to get there)
  • Need 30% to get anesthesia and then followed by death
  • *Acceptable with conditions
  • Gradual fill recommended
  • Ex. used in avian species for depopulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are non-inhalant methods of euthanasia?

A
  • Barbiturates
    o Pentobarbital
  • T-61
  • Tricaine methane sulfonate (MS-222)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pentobarbital: things to know or consider

A
  • Rapid, smooth
    o Possible excitement and agonal gasp
    o Consider adding propofol (or other sedation): premed
  • Controlled drug
  • Must be given IV
  • Confirmation of death required
  • Risk of scavenging (wildlife, bald eagles and dumps!)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Barbiturates in birds and reptiles

A
  • Most birds anesthetized first otherwise a massive excitement phase
  • Reptiles: consider 2-3 days before releasing to owner, intracoelomic acceptable
    o 3 chamber heart (difficult on a good day to hear them)
    o Can slow heart for extended period of time
    o *GOOD TO USE: loss of eye pressure!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T-61

A
  • Contains
    o Local anesthetic
    o General anesthetic
    o Neuromuscular blocking agent
  • NOT a controlled drug
  • *AVMA acceptable, CCAC not recommended
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the concerns with T-61?

A
  • Improper administration (IV only)
  • Pain with administration
  • Mammals
    o Dysphoria if injected too quickly
    o Respiratory paralysis (suffocation) BEFORE loss of consciousness
  • Birds:
    o *does work: Anesthesia immediate + EEG loss <6 secs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pentobarbital for horses

A
  • IV required
  • Sedation or anesthesia recommended (NOT required)
  • Risk to scavengers
  • *used often
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Intrathecal lidocaine AFTER anesthesia in horses

A
  • Longer respiratory, cerebral, brainstem and CV arrest compared IV barbiturates
    o Block all neurotransmission out of CNS
  • Audible heartbeat 5mins vs. <1min
  • EEG 2 min vs. 20s
  • Sedation required
  • *doesn’t matter that it takes longer as they are sedated
  • Little risk to scavengers (placed in the intrathecal space which is protected by SC)
17
Q

Tricaine methane sulfonate (MS-222)

A
  • *Suitable for fish and most amphibians
    (if normal for them, need to have access to air until unconsicous)
  • Sodium bicarb required to buffer (very acidic on its own)
  • IMMERSION (terrestrial reptiles should not be fully immersed)
  • NOT controlled drug
  • Used as an anesthetic
    o Increased concentration and prolong exposure
  • Some reptiles intracoelomic (AVMA vs. unacceptable CCAC)
  • Secondary method required to ensure death
18
Q

What are the unacceptable agents of euthanasia?

A
  • Strychnine, nicotine, caffeine, cleaning agents, pesticides, disinfectants
  • Magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, NM blocking agents
19
Q

What are the physical methods for euthanasia?

A
  • Captive bolt
  • Gunshot
  • Cervical dislocation
  • Decapitation
  • Acceptable with conditions
    o Electrocution
    o Kill traps
    o Thoracic compression
    o Exsanguination
    o Pithing
  • *training and skill is CRITICAL
20
Q

Penetrating captive bolt

A
  • Ruminants, horses, swine, lab rabbits, dogs, birds
  • Concussion and trauma to cerebral hemisphere and brainstem
  • Adequate restraint is important to ensure proper placement of captive bolt
21
Q

Cervical dislocation

A
  • Rodents
  • Birds
22
Q

Decapitation

A
  • Rodents for tissue collection
  • Wildlife
23
Q

Koechner euthanizing device

A
  • Squeezes across next and does cervical dislocation
  • Longer to death than regular cervical dislocation (more crushing vs. separation)
  • Cervical vertebrae fractures
24
Q

Euthanasia by a blow to the head

A
  • Acceptable for neonatal animals with thin craniums
    o Neonates, young piglets, small birds
  • Single sharp blow delivered to central skull bones with sufficient force can produce immediate depression of CNS and destruction of brain tissue
25
Q

Gunshot

A
  • Should only be performed by highly skilled personnel trained in use of firearms
  • Legal requirements
  • Personnel, public and nearby animal safety essential
  • *NOT between the eyes: ’x’ between ears and eyes: shot in center of it
    o Hard to have correct trajectory
  • Horse: go from the side (brainstem is at ‘base’ of ear)
26
Q

Exsanguination should only be considered when (AVMA)

A
  • Animal is unconscious
  • BUT: in emergency (ex. mare eviscerated=need to shorten time to death)
27
Q

Cardiac puncture

A
  • Not acceptable in a conscious animal
  • BUT: emergency (ex. deer with only 1 leg=can’t get IV in)

ANESTHESIA - 2 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions