4.4- acatuge immunistaion and vaccination etc. Flashcards
how is active immunity developed?
by vaccination with antigens from infectious pathogens to create an immunological memory
why are adjuvants mixed with antigens from infectious pathogens?
to enhance the immune response generated by a vaccine
what do sources of antigens for vaccines include?
inactivated pathogen toxins
dead pathogens
parts of pathogens
weakened pathogens
why do vaccines undergo clinical trials ?
to establish their safety and effectiveness
name some designs of clinical trials
randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled protocols
why are group size and replicated important when carrying out a clinching trial?
they can affect the reliability or results and the significance of any statistics collected
when does herd immunity occur?
when a large percentage of a population is immunised
what happens in herd-immunity ?
non-immune individuals are protected as there is a lower probability that they will come into contact with infected individuals
what does the herd immunity dependant on?
the disease, the effectiveness of the vaccine and the contact parameters s for the population
what is the stain of public health immunisation?
to establish herd immunity to a number of diseases
when is widespread vaccination not possible?
when populations are malnourished, t population is in poverty or percentage is in poverty or a percentage rejects the vaccine
what is influenza
a viral disease that a widely vaccinated against using annually developed vaccines
what are malaria and trypanosomiasis caused by?
protozoa, which are carrier by vectors and difficult to vaccinate against because they change their antigenic nature
what are HIV and tuberculosis examples of?
pathogens involved in direct attack on the immune system
what is HIV
a virus that attacks lymphocyte and the major cause of AIDS
