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Biology > 4.3 Classification and evolution > Flashcards

4.3 Classification and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

State two defining features of all members of the domain Eukarya.

A 
Nucleus
dna with histone proteins
linear dna
membrane bound organelles
large ribosomes
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2
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

archaea
eubacteria
eukaryotae

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3
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms?

A

plantae
animalia
fungi
protoctista

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4
Q

what is the order of the 8 taxonomic levels?

A 
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
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5
Q

Describe 3 features of the kingdom prokaryotae

A 
no nucleus
loop of dna- no linear chomosomes
naked dna- no histone proteins
no membrane bound organelles
smaller ribosomes than other groups
smaller cells than eukaryotes
free living or parasitic
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6
Q

Describe 3 features of the kingdom protoctista

A 
eukaryotic
single celled mostly but algae are multicellular
wide variety of forms 
mostly free living
autrophic and heterotrophic nurtition
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7
Q

describe 3 features of the kingdom fungi. (3)

A 
eukaryotic
multicellular
cellulose cell wall
autotrophic
chlorophyll
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8
Q

describe 3 features of the kingdom animalia

A

eukaryotic
multicellular
heterotrophic
move around usually

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9
Q

define phylogeny (2)

A

The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

Group of organisms arranged by how closely related they are

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10
Q

define taxonomy.

A

Study of the principles of classification
Study of differences between species
Species usually grouped according to physical similarities
Similar species are place together

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11
Q

why do we classify organisms?

A 
To order them
For our convenience
To make studying them easier
To make identification easier
To help us to see relationships
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12
Q

how is cytochrome c used in classification? (2)

A

Use in all organisms that respire
Made from smaller sequences of amino acids
If the sequence is similar, two organisms are closely related

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13
Q

how is DNA used in classification?

A

DNA found in all living organisms
Always provides the genetic code
More similar the sequence the more closely related the species

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14
Q

what are darwins 4 observations?

A

Offspring generally appear similar to their parents
No two individuals are identical
Organisms have the ability to produce large numbers of offspring
Populations in nature tend to remain fairly stable in size

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15
Q

what is intraspecific variation?

A

variation between members of same species

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16
Q

what is interspecific variation?

A

the differences between species

17
Q

what diagram would you use to represent continous data?

A

histogram

18
Q

what diagram would you use to represent discontinuous data?

A

barchart

19
Q

what is continuous variation?

A

variation where theres 2 extremes and a full range of values in between

20
Q

what is discontinous variation?

A

distinct categories and nothin in between

21
Q

whats genetic variation?

A

variation caused by posessing different alleles

22
Q

what are anatomical adaptations?

A

structural features

23
Q

what are behavioural adaptations?

A

the ways behaviour is modified for survival

24
Q

what are physiological adaptations?

A

affect the way processes work

25
Q

Describe the process of natural selection. (6)

A

mutation creates different alleles
creating intraspecific variation
selection pressure is produced by environment
those with advantageous characteristic will survive and reproduce
next generation will have more individuals with this charateristic (over time organisms become better adapted)

26
Q

Decribe pesticide resistance in insects. (4)

A

Mutations arise that enable affected individuals to survive pesticide treatment
These individuals live longer and reproduce
Their offspring also carry the mutation that allow them to survive the pesticide
Every generation, a greater proportion of the population are unaffected by the pesticide
The pesticide is now useless ​

27
Q

Define phylogeny. (2)

A

The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
Group of organisms arranged by how closely related they are
The closer they are related, the closer they are on the tree
Common ancestors are shared by groups
The closer the lines, the more recent the ancestor
All common ancestors are extinct
Species that belong to the same phylogenetic group are called monophyletic

28
Q

Define taxonomy. (2)

A

Study of the principles of classification
Study of differences between species
Species usually grouped according to physical similarities
Similar species are place together

29
Q

Why do we classify things?(2)

A 
To order them
For our convenience
To make studying them easier
To make identification easier
To help us to see relationships
30
Q

What is the kingdom animalias mode of nutrition?

A

heterotrophic

31
Q

What is the kingdom plantaes mode of nutrition

A

autotrophic Photosynthesize

32
Q

What is the kingdom fungis mode of nutrition?

A

Saprophytic

33
Q

How is Cytochrome C used in classification of organisms? (2)

A

Used in most organisms for respiration

Made from smaller sequences of amino acids
If the sequence is similar, two organisms are closely related
If it is different, they are not

34
Q

How is DNA used in classification? (1)

A

DNA found in all living organisms and the more similar the sequence the more closely related the species

35
Q

What evidence supports the theory of evolution? (4)

A

(similarities / differences in) genes / genetics / DNA /
RNA / molecules / biochemistry ;
(similarities / differences in) nucleotide / base ,
sequence / order ;
(similarities / differences in) cytochrome c /
haemoglobin / ATP synthase / RNA polymerase;
(similarities / differences in) sequence / order , of
amino acids (in proteins) ;
idea that similarities between any of the above implies
(close) relationship ;

36
Q

state the name given to the evolution of a new species.

A

speciation

Biology (13 decks)

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