4.3 Classification and evolution Flashcards
State two defining features of all members of the domain Eukarya.
Nucleus dna with histone proteins linear dna membrane bound organelles large ribosomes
What are the 3 domains?
archaea
eubacteria
eukaryotae
what are the 5 kingdoms?
plantae
animalia
fungi
protoctista
what is the order of the 8 taxonomic levels?
domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
Describe 3 features of the kingdom prokaryotae
no nucleus loop of dna- no linear chomosomes naked dna- no histone proteins no membrane bound organelles smaller ribosomes than other groups smaller cells than eukaryotes free living or parasitic
Describe 3 features of the kingdom protoctista
eukaryotic single celled mostly but algae are multicellular wide variety of forms mostly free living autrophic and heterotrophic nurtition
describe 3 features of the kingdom fungi. (3)
eukaryotic multicellular cellulose cell wall autotrophic chlorophyll
describe 3 features of the kingdom animalia
eukaryotic
multicellular
heterotrophic
move around usually
define phylogeny (2)
The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
Group of organisms arranged by how closely related they are
define taxonomy.
Study of the principles of classification
Study of differences between species
Species usually grouped according to physical similarities
Similar species are place together
why do we classify organisms?
To order them For our convenience To make studying them easier To make identification easier To help us to see relationships
how is cytochrome c used in classification? (2)
Use in all organisms that respire
Made from smaller sequences of amino acids
If the sequence is similar, two organisms are closely related
how is DNA used in classification?
DNA found in all living organisms
Always provides the genetic code
More similar the sequence the more closely related the species
what are darwins 4 observations?
Offspring generally appear similar to their parents
No two individuals are identical
Organisms have the ability to produce large numbers of offspring
Populations in nature tend to remain fairly stable in size
what is intraspecific variation?
variation between members of same species
what is interspecific variation?
the differences between species
what diagram would you use to represent continous data?
histogram
what diagram would you use to represent discontinuous data?
barchart
what is continuous variation?
variation where theres 2 extremes and a full range of values in between
what is discontinous variation?
distinct categories and nothin in between
whats genetic variation?
variation caused by posessing different alleles
what are anatomical adaptations?
structural features
what are behavioural adaptations?
the ways behaviour is modified for survival
what are physiological adaptations?
affect the way processes work
Describe the process of natural selection. (6)
mutation creates different alleles
creating intraspecific variation
selection pressure is produced by environment
those with advantageous characteristic will survive and reproduce
next generation will have more individuals with this charateristic (over time organisms become better adapted)
Decribe pesticide resistance in insects. (4)
Mutations arise that enable affected individuals to survive pesticide treatment
These individuals live longer and reproduce
Their offspring also carry the mutation that allow them to survive the pesticide
Every generation, a greater proportion of the population are unaffected by the pesticide
The pesticide is now useless
Define phylogeny. (2)
The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
Group of organisms arranged by how closely related they are
The closer they are related, the closer they are on the tree
Common ancestors are shared by groups
The closer the lines, the more recent the ancestor
All common ancestors are extinct
Species that belong to the same phylogenetic group are called monophyletic
Define taxonomy. (2)
Study of the principles of classification
Study of differences between species
Species usually grouped according to physical similarities
Similar species are place together
Why do we classify things?(2)
To order them For our convenience To make studying them easier To make identification easier To help us to see relationships
What is the kingdom animalias mode of nutrition?
heterotrophic
What is the kingdom plantaes mode of nutrition
autotrophic Photosynthesize
What is the kingdom fungis mode of nutrition?
Saprophytic
How is Cytochrome C used in classification of organisms? (2)
Used in most organisms for respiration
Made from smaller sequences of amino acids
If the sequence is similar, two organisms are closely related
If it is different, they are not
How is DNA used in classification? (1)
DNA found in all living organisms and the more similar the sequence the more closely related the species
What evidence supports the theory of evolution? (4)
(similarities / differences in) genes / genetics / DNA /
RNA / molecules / biochemistry ;
(similarities / differences in) nucleotide / base ,
sequence / order ;
(similarities / differences in) cytochrome c /
haemoglobin / ATP synthase / RNA polymerase;
(similarities / differences in) sequence / order , of
amino acids (in proteins) ;
idea that similarities between any of the above implies
(close) relationship ;
state the name given to the evolution of a new species.
speciation
