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module 4: biodiversity, evolution, and disease > 4.3 classification and evolution > Flashcards

4.3 classification and evolution Flashcards

1
Q

why do we classify living things

A

convenience
make study of living things more manageable
easier to identify organisms
help us see relationships between species

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2
Q

define classification

A

process of placing living things into groups

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3
Q

what are the 8 taxonomic levels of classification

A

domain
kindgom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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4
Q

what are the three domains

A

archaea
bacteria
eukaryotae

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5
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms

A

plantae
animalia
fungi
protoctista
prokaryota

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6
Q

what is the phylum level

A

subdivision of the kingdom all the groups of organisms that have the same body plan

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7
Q

what is the class level

A

a group of organisms that all possess the same general traits

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8
Q

what is the order level

A

subdivision of the class using additional information about the organisms

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9
Q

what is the family level

A

group of closely related genera

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10
Q

what is the genus level

A

a group of closely related species

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11
Q

what is the species level

A

the basic level of classification

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12
Q

what is the binomial naming system

A

system that uses the genus name and the species name to name and prevent confusion

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13
Q

define species

A

group of organisms that can successfully interbred to produce fertile offspring

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14
Q

what is the phylogenic definition of a species

A

group of individual organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, and genetics

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15
Q

describe features of the prokaryotae kingdom

A

no membrane bound organelles
free living or parasitic
heterotrophic
autotrophic

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16
Q

describe features of the protoctista kingdom

A

are eukaryotic
membrane bound organisms
mostly free living
heterotrophic
cell wall sometimes present

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17
Q

describe features of the fungi kingdom

A

are eukaryotic
walls made of chitin
mostly free living or saprophytic (causes decay)
heterotrophic

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18
Q

describe features of the plantae kingdom

A

are eukaryotic
are multicellular
cellulose cell wall
autotrophic
membrane bound organelles

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19
Q

decribe features of the animalia kingdom

A

are eukaryotic
multicellular
heterotrophic
can move around

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20
Q

define heterotrophic

A

cannot produce its own food/ relies on an organism

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21
Q

define autotrophic

A

build larger molecules/ get its own food

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22
Q

evidence for classification/ natural selection

A

comparative biochemistry
comparative anatomy
paleontology

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23
Q

describe how paleontology provides evidence

A

shows preserved dead plants/ animals
shows how species were different using fossil record

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24
Q

why is the fossil record incomplete

A

fossils destroyed
organisms decompose or are soft bodied
conditions for fossils are not present

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25
Q

describe how comparative anatomy provides evidence

A

organisms with homologous strucutres
can study the similarities and differences between organisms anatomy

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26
Q

what is homologous structure

A

same underlying structure even though they might appear different and have different function

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27
Q

describe how comparative biochemistry provides evidence

A

studying similarities and differences in proteins and other biological organisms
helps identify evolutionary relationships

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28
Q

what is cytochrome c

A

protein used in respiration

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29
Q

how can cytochrome c be used for evidence in classification

A

all respiring living organisms contain it
but it is not identical
amino acid chain can be identified and conclusions can be drawn about how closely related species are

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30
Q

what conclusions can be made from the amino acid chain in cytochrome c in different species

A

sequences same = closely related
bigger difference = less closely related

31
Q

define phylogeny

A

the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

32
Q

what are the two types of classification

A

artificial
natural

33
Q

describe artificial classification

A

grouping organisms based on a few characteristics
does not reflect any evolutionary relationships, provides limited information, is stable

34
Q

describe natural classification

A

grouping organisms using many characteristics
reflects evolutionary relationships, provides lots of useful information but may change with advancing knowledge

35
Q

what does common ancestor mean in relation of species

A

more recent the common ancestor the more closely related two species are

36
Q

how does phylogeny use the ‘common ancestor’

A

on the phylogenic tree we can see how recently the common ancestor appears to see how closely related species are

37
Q

what is natural selection

A

individual that has advantageous characteristic which can help it to survive and reproduce

38
Q

who was involved in the theory of evolution and natural selection

A

Darwin
Wallace

39
Q

what were darwins observations

A

offspring appear similar to their parents
no two individuals are identical
organisms have the ability to produce large numbers of offspring
populations tend to remain fairly stable in size

40
Q

how does natural selection take place

A

mutation creates alternative version of a gene (allele)
creates genetic variation between individuals in species (intraspecific variation)
individuals with advantagous characteristic get selected by the envi. (selection pressure)
survive and reproduce
passes on the characteristics
becomes more common in the species = adaption

41
Q

what is a gene pool

A

combination of all the genes present in a species

42
Q

what is an allele

A

version of a gene

43
Q

what does phenotype mean

A

observable characteristics

44
Q

what does genotype mean

A

genetic make up of an organism

45
Q

define continuous variation

A

variation where there are two extremes and a full range of values inbetween

46
Q

define discontinuous variation

A

where there are distinct categories and nothing inbetween

47
Q

define environmental variation

A

variation caused by response to environmental factors

48
Q

define genetic variation

A

variation caused by possessing a different combination of alleles

49
Q

define interspecific variation

A

The difference between species

50
Q

define intraspecific variation

A

variation between members of the same species

51
Q

define variation

A

the presence of variety/ difference between individuals

52
Q

what are the causes of variation

A

genetic
environment

53
Q

gives examples of continuous variation in organisms

A

height
weight
leaf length etc

54
Q

gives examples of discontinuous variation in organisms

A

tounge rolling
finger prints
blood group etc

55
Q

what is continuous variation controlled by

A

gene and environment

56
Q

what is discontinuous variation controlled by

A

genes

57
Q

what is evolution

A

gradual process by which the diversity of living organisms have developed over millions of years

58
Q

explain the difference between a pesticide and insecticide

A

chemicals designed to kill pests
specifically targets insects

59
Q

explain why pesticide resistance is dangerous to humans

A

insects with resistance to will survive and reroduce passing on charactistics
resistance spreads
causes pesticide to become present/ accumulate in food chain

60
Q

explain the MRSA super bug

A

bacteria that has a wide range of resistance to drugspopulation is becoming rapidly resistant

61
Q

explain how microorgansims become resistant

A

genetic variation caused by mutations
least reisistant get killed
population of resistant reproduce
next generation contain higher proportion of resistant individuals

62
Q

define adaption

A

a characteristic that enhances survival in the habitat

63
Q

what can a well adapted organism do

A

find food/water or photosynthesis well
gather enough nutrients
defend itself
survive its environment conditions
respond to changes in environment
have sufficient energy to allow reproduction

64
Q

name the three types of adaptions

A

anatomical
behavioral
physiological

65
Q

what is anatomical adaption

A

anatomy/ structural features

66
Q

what is behavioral adaption

A

the way an organism behaves in order to survive

67
Q

what is physiological adaption

A

the processes/biochemistry inside organisms

68
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

process where organisms not closely related evolve similar characteristics as a result of adaption to similar environments

69
Q

Why do we use statistical tests

A

To determine whether a difference between two figures may or may not be significant

70
Q

What is standard deviation

A

A measure of the spread around a mean

71
Q

Explain what a low and high standard deviation means

A

Low SD = indicates data have a narrow range and points are close to the mean = greater reliability
High SD = data points have a larger ranges and are less well grouped = lower reliability

72
Q

What is the students t - test

A

Used to compare two means and whether the difference is significant and if we can reject of accept the null hypothesis

73
Q

What is the spearman’s rank correlation coefficient

A

Used to consider the relationships between two sets of data and whether they are correlated or not

module 4: biodiversity, evolution, and disease (3 decks)

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