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module 4: biodiversity, evolution, and disease > 4.1 Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

4.1 Communicable Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Define pathogen

A

A microorganism that causes disease

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2
Q

What is a host

A

Organism in which a pathogen lives

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3
Q

Name the 4 types of pathogen

A

Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Protist

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4
Q

Describe what bacteria are

A

Part of prokaryotae kingdom
Can rapidly divide (every 20 minutes)
Releases toxins to damage host cells

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5
Q

Name the examples of bacterial diseases in animals

A

Tuberculosis
Bacterial meningitis

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6
Q

Name the bacterial diseases in plants

A

Ring rot

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7
Q

How can bacterial diseases be treated

A

Antibiotics

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8
Q

Name examples of fungal diseases in animals

A

Athletes foot
Ringworm

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9
Q

Name the examples of fungal disease in plants

A

Black Sigatoka

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10
Q

How are fungal diseases treated

A

Anti fungal cream/spray

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11
Q

Name the examples of viral diseases in animals

A

HIV/aids
Influenza

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12
Q

Name the examples of protoctist diseases in animals

A

Malaria

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13
Q

Name the example of protoctista disease in plants

A

Blight

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14
Q

How are protists transmitted

A

By vectors

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15
Q

Define direct transmission

A

Passing a pathogen from a host to a new host with no intermediary

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16
Q

Define indirect transmission

A

Passing a pathogen from host to new host via a vector

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17
Q

Name the ways of direct transmission

A

Direct contact
Inoculation
Ingestion

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18
Q

Describe direct contact

A

Touching an infected person or something and picking up the disease

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19
Q

Describe inoculation

A

Break in the skin by animal bite, puncture wounds

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20
Q

Describe ingestion

A

Taking in contaminated food

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21
Q

Name the ways of indirect transmission

A

Famites
Droplet infection
Vectors

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22
Q

Describe famites

A

Inanimate objects which diseases get picked up by

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23
Q

Describe droplet infection

A

Droplets of saliva, mucus are expelled by your mouth

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24
Q

Describe vectors

A

Vectors transmit/ carry disease from hosts to hosts

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25
Q

Name the factors that increase transmission

A

Overcrowding
Poor diet
Poor ventilation
Poor waste disposal
Poor health
Climate change
Socioeconomic factors

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26
Q

Why are plants defences different to humans

A

Plants do not have an immune system but have structural, chemical, protein based defences

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27
Q

What are passive defences

A

Defences present before infection to prevent spread and entry of pathogen

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28
Q

What are the physical defences in plants

A

Cellulose cell wall
Lignin
Waxy cuticle
Bark
Stomata closing
Callus formation

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29
Q

What are the chemical defences in plants

A

Insect repellent
Insecticides
Antibacterial and antifungal

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30
Q

what are primary defences

A

prevent pathogens entering the body

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31
Q

name the primary non specific defences

A

skin
ciliated epithelial
wound repair
expulsion reflex
inflamation

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32
Q

describe how skin is a primary non specific defence

A

physical, chemical barrier
top layer is impermeable
secretes fatty acids to kill bacteria/lower pH
secretes lysosomes to catalyse breakdown of bacteria cell wall

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33
Q

describe how mucous membranes act as a primary non specific defence

A

epithelial cells covered by mucus
traps pathogens
cilia wafts mucus up and out of the lungs
goblet cells secrete mucus

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34
Q

describe how blood clotting acts as a primary non specific defence

A

exposure of platelets/ collagen in blood causes clotting response
Soluble fibrinogen converted into insoluble fibres
makes temporary seal to prevent infection
narrows blood vessels

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35
Q

describe how inflammation acts as a primary non specific defence

A

microorganisms in tissuess causes release of histamines and cytokines
= vasodilation of blood vessels = more permeable = wbc can enter tissue fluid

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36
Q

symptoms of inflammation

A

redness
swelling
pain
heat

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37
Q

describe how the expulsion reflex acts as a primary non specific defence

A

automatic reflex
expels pathogens by coughing, sneezing, vomiting

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38
Q

what is a secondary defence

A

used to fight pathogens that have entered the body

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39
Q

what are antigens

A

chemical markers/ membrane bound organelle used to recognise pathogens

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40
Q

what are antigens made out of

A

glycoproteins and glycolipids

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41
Q

what is an opsonin

A

protein molecules that attach to antigens on the surface of a pathogen

42
Q

what is the role of opsonins

A

enhances ability of phagocytic cells to bind and engulf pathogens
can bind to a variety of pathogens

43
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

type of endocytosis where particles/organisms are taken into the cell

44
Q

what is a phagocyte

A

specialised cell in the blood and tissue fluid that engulf and digest pathogens

45
Q

name the two types of phagocytes

A

neutrophil
macrophage

46
Q

describe structure of a neutrophil and where are they found

A

multilobed nucleus
contain large no. of lysosomes
found in the blood vessels

47
Q

explain how neutrophils work

A

binds to opsonin which is bound to antigens on pathogen
pathogen engulfed by endocytosis forming a phagosome
lysosomes fuse to phagosome (phagolysosome)
releases enzymes into it
digestion and harmless products released

48
Q

describe what the role of a macrophage is

A

ingests and digests pathogens and presents pathogens antigens to other cells

49
Q

explain the difference between the mode of action of a macrophage and neutrophil

A

n= fully digests it
m= doesnt fully digest it, presents the antigens and becomes antigen presenting cell

50
Q

what is an antigen presenting cell

A

cell that isolates the antigen from pathogen and puts them on plasma membrane to be recognised by other cells

51
Q

are macrophages or neutrophils bigger

A

macrophages

52
Q

how do macrophages travel

A

travel as monocytes in the blood

53
Q

Where are neutrophils and macrophages produced

A

Bone marrow

54
Q

What does the specific immune response involve

A

Involves B lymphocyte cells and t lymphocyte cells

55
Q

What is the main role of lymphocytes

A

To produce antibodies, long term protection of the disease, produces immunological memory through releasing memory cells

56
Q

What cells are involved with cell mediated response

A

T cells

57
Q

What does a T cell select

A

Antigen presenting cell or infected body cell

58
Q

Name the steps in cell mediated responses

A

Clonal selection
Clonal expansion
Differentiation

59
Q

What happens during Clonal selection in cell mediated response

A

Antigen presenting cell or infected body cell has specific antigens that are detected by T cells

60
Q

What happens during clonal expansion in cell mediated response

A

Once T cell is selected it undergoes mitosis/ proliferation

61
Q

What happens during differentiation in cell mediated response

A

Clones of T cells develop into 4 types

62
Q

What type of cells do T cells differentiate into

A

T killer
T memory
T suppressor
T helper

63
Q

What does a T killer cell do

A

Attacks and kills infected body cell/ APC that is displaying foreign antigens

64
Q

What do T helper cells do

A

Releases cytokines that stimulates B cells to increase rate of mitosis and differentiation

65
Q

What do T memory cells do

A

Provide long term immunity/ immunological memory and remain in the blood

66
Q

What cells are involved in hummoral immunity

A

B cells

67
Q

What do B cells select

A

Pathogens and antigen presenting cells

68
Q

Explain clonal selection in the hummoral response

A

APC and pathogen are detected by B cells

69
Q

Explain how clonal expansion is involved in hummoral response

A

Once b cell selected they must increase in numbers by mitosis/ proliferation

70
Q

Explain what happens during differentiating in hummoral response

A

Once cloned they must be developed into 2 types

71
Q

What are the two types that B cells differentiate into

A

Plasma cells
B memory cells

72
Q

What do B memory cells do

A

Remain in the blood and act as immunological memory

73
Q

What do plasma cells do

A

Manufactures and releases antibodies

74
Q

What is an antibody

A

Protein molecule that is specific to antigens on foreign materials

75
Q

What is antigen made of

A

4 polypeptide chains

76
Q

Name the regions of antibodies

A

Variable region
Constant region

77
Q

What is the variable region on an antibody

A

Where it binds to antigens and is specific to antigens

78
Q

What is constant region of an antibody

A

Same in all antibodies

79
Q

What are the two chain types in antibodies

A

Heavy chain and light chain

80
Q

What does the hinge region in antibodies allow

A

Flexibility so it can move to bind to antigens

81
Q

What bonds are in antibodies

A

Disulphide bridges

82
Q

describe how the structure of an antigen allows it to perform its function

A

2 light and 2 heavy chains (4 polypeptide
chains)
variable region allows binding
antigen
two vr allow binding of more than
one (of the same) antigen
vr on different antibodies allows binding to different antigens
constant region allows
binding to phagocytes
hinge allows flexibility
disulfide bridges hold polypeptides

83
Q

How do antibodies work

A

Act as opsonins
Agglutinins
Antitoxins

84
Q

Explain how antibodies act as opsonins

A

Binds the phagocyte and pathogen together

85
Q

Explain how antibodies work as agglutinins

A

Causes pathogens to clump/ stick together
Makes it easier for pathogens to be engulfed

86
Q

Explain how antibodies work as antitoxins

A

Antibodies bind to the toxins and neutralise it and prevents them getting into body cells

87
Q

What is an autoimmune disease

A

Own immune system begins to detect own cells as foreign

88
Q

Name examples of autoimmune diseases

A

Lupus
Arthritis

89
Q

How can autoimmune diseases be treated

A

Anti inflammation
Steroids
Immunosuppressant

90
Q

What is a vaccination

A

Provides immunity to specific diseases that stimulate an immune response

91
Q

What are the forms of vaccines

A

Dead
Attenuated
Toxoids
Antigens
Genetically Engineered antigens

92
Q

How does a vaccine work

A

Injected into blood
Primary response triggered as antibodies and memory cells produced
Person is then infected
Secondary immune response triggered
Antibodies produced quicker so pathogen is destroyed

93
Q

Name the types of immunity

A

Natural
Artificial
Passive
Active

94
Q

What is natural immunity

A

Gained in the normal course of living processes

95
Q

What is artificial immunity

A

Deliberately exposing antigens and antibodies

96
Q

What is passive immunity

A

Getting given the antibodies

97
Q

What is artificial immunity

A

Antibodies are made by the body as part of the immune response

98
Q

name an example of natural passive and natural active immunity

A

np= breastfeedin
na= getting ill and recovering

99
Q

name an example of artificial passive and artificial active

A

ap= emergancy treatment for tetanus, rabies
aa= vaccination

100
Q

why do we vaccinate people

A

many diseases can be fatal whilst waiting for primary response
provides long term immunity
helps prevents epidemics/pandemics

module 4: biodiversity, evolution, and disease (3 decks)

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