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module 4: biodiversity, evolution, and disease > 4.2 biodiversity > Flashcards

4.2 biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

define biodiversity

A

variety of living organisms within a particular area

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2
Q

define species

A

a group of individuals that successfully interbred to produce fertile offspring

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3
Q

define habitat

A

where organisms/ species live

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4
Q

what are the levels of biodiversity

A

habitat biodiversity
species
genetic

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5
Q

define habitat biodiversity

A

number of different habitats within an area

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6
Q

benefits of high habitat biodiversity

A

more species are supported

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7
Q

what is species biodiversity made up of

A

made up of species richness and evenness

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8
Q

define species biodiversity

A

the number of different species present in an ecosystem and the relative abundance of each species

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9
Q

define species richness

A

the number of different species living in a habitat

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10
Q

define species evenness

A

how evenly represented species are/ comparison of number of individuals of each species

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11
Q

define genetic biodiversity

A

variety of genes that make up a species/ individuals belonging to same species

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12
Q

how do you measure species biodiversity

A

Simpson’s index of diversity

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12
Q

what does a greater genetic biodiversity mean

A

better adaption to a change in the environment/ individuals resistant to disease

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13
Q

what does simpsons index of diversity take into account

A

species richness and evenness

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14
Q

equation of simpsons index of diversity and what value does it give

A

D= 1-(sum of (n/N)*2)
between 0-1

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15
Q

what does a high Simpsons index of diversity mean

A

high value = more diverse habitat that are stable and can withstand change

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16
Q

what does a low SIOD mean

A

habitat is dominated by a few species

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17
Q

define allele/ gene variant

A

version of a gene

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18
Q

define locus

A

position of gene on a chromosome

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19
Q

define polymorphic gene locus

A

locus that has more then two alleles

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20
Q

how do you calculate genetic biodiversity

A

% of polymorphic gene loci in a population

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21
Q

polymorphic gene locus equation

A

no. of polymorphic gene loci/ total no. of loci

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22
Q

what is random sampling

A

sites are randomly selected using a random no. generator and grid

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23
Q

advantages and disadvantages of random sampling

A

+not bias
- may not cover all areas
- species missed

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24
Q

name the ways of non random sampling

A

opportunistic
stratified
systematic

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25
Q

what is opportunistic sampling

A

researcher chooses samples based on prior knowledge/ during the process of collecting data
chooses sample areas known to have species

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26
Q

advantages and disadvantages of opportunistic sampling

A

+easier and quicker
- biased and overestimate of area

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27
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

dividing habitat into areas which appear different

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28
Q

advantages and disadvantages of stratified sampling

A

+ species not underestimated
- over representation

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29
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

samples taken at fixed intervals using a transect

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30
Q

explain the two types of transects

A

line - samples taken directly on transect line
belt - quadrat placed on transect line

31
Q

advantages and disadvantages of systematic sampling

A

+ useful when habitat shows clear gradient
- only species on transect line recorded

32
Q

preparations for sampling

A

suitable clothing and footwear
apparatus
keys to identify plants
camera

33
Q

when would random sampling not be used

A

if habitat is homogenous

34
Q

methods for sampling plants

A

counting individually
quadrat
transect

35
Q

methods for sampling animals

A

sweep netting
pooter
stout stick and white blanket
pitfall trap
tullgren tunnel
light trap

36
Q

explain mark and recapture

A

capture animals in set time
count and mark them
release
recapture in same time
count and use equation

37
Q

equation for mark and recounter

A

pop. size = no. 1st sample x no. 2nd sample / no. marked in 2nd sample

38
Q

measurements of abundance

A

density
frequency
% cover

39
Q

how to find density

A

no. selected species in quadrat counted
no. per square metre

40
Q

how to find frequency

A

count no, of small squares species are present in

41
Q

how to find % cover

A

estimate species in the quadrat

42
Q

what do you consider when measuring biodiversity

A

species richness and evenness

43
Q

What affects biodiversity

A

Human population growth
Agriculture
Climate change

44
Q

explain how human population growth affects biodiversity

A

As population increases = demand for goods/ resources increases
Over exploitation
Urbanisation pollution
waste produced
Monoculture
Herbicides/ pesticides
Land use

45
Q

What is over exploitation

A

Using resources faster than replacing due to growing demand

46
Q

explain how agriculture affects biodiversity

A

Reduces hedgerows = loss of habitat, reduces genetic diversity
Monoculture = one strain of a species , drains minerals/ nutrients from the soil and turns to dust

47
Q

explain how climate change affects biodiversity

A

Places getting warmer and colder
Species are unable to adapt to conditions
Migration of populations
Shift in biodiversity

48
Q

State the reasons to maintain biodiversity

A

Ecological
Economic
Aesthetics

49
Q

explain ecological reason to maintain biodiversity

A

Minimises disruption to food chain, pollinators, nutrient cycle
Protects keystone species
Genetic resource

50
Q

Define keystone species

A

One that has a disproportionate effect upon its environment relative to its abundance

51
Q

Give an example of a keystone species

A

Bees , wolfs

52
Q

What is interdependence

A

Living organisms in a habitat depending on each other

53
Q

Define niche

A

Match of a species to a specific environmental condition (habitat plus role)

54
Q

Define endemic

A

Species is unique to a defined geographical location

55
Q

Define conservation

A

Maintenance of ecosystems and biodiversity

56
Q

explain economic reasons to maintain biodiversity

A

Natural ecosystems help
recycle nutrients
crop pollination
Regulate atmosphere/climate
Purification/retention of fresh water
Formation/fertilisation of soil
Detoxification/ recycling of waste

57
Q

explain aesthetic reasons of maintaining biodiversity

A

Protects soil from erosion and the landscape
Tourism
Inspiration for writers/ painters

58
Q

Define conservation in situ

A

Carrying out active management to maintain biodiversity in the natural environment

59
Q

Name examples of in situ conservation

A

Wildlife reserves
Marine conservation zones

60
Q

what is a wildlife reserves in conservation

A

Areas designated to conservation of species or habitats

61
Q

How are wildlife reserves used for conservation

A

Controls grazing
Restricts human access
Controls poaching
Feeds animals
Removes invasive species

62
Q

What is a marine conservation zone

A

Areas of the sea set aside to conserve the diversity of species and habitats

63
Q

How do marine conservation zones conserve

A

Protects habitats
Creates areas of refuge so populations can grow eg. Coral and seaweed

64
Q

What is a SSSI

A

Site of special scientific interest

65
Q

Define conservation ex situ

A

Conservation outside the normal habitat of the species

66
Q

Name methods of ex situ conservation

A

Botanic gardens
Seed banks
Captive breeding programme

67
Q

Explain botanic gardens

A

Plant species are grown successfully with the right conditions and care (minerals, water, temp, C02)
Increases the number of plant species

68
Q

Explain seed banks

A

Collection of seed samples that are stored at right conditions (dry, -20)
To stop plants germinating to keep them viable
Provides backup if species go extinct

69
Q

Explain captive breeding programmes

A

Offspring produced in human controlled environment
Zoos/ aquatic centres
Provides animals with shelter , food , no predators, vets, breeding partners/ semen

70
Q

name the international conservation agreements

A

CITES - convention of international trade in endangered species
CBD - convention of biological diversity

71
Q

explain what CITES involves

A

international agreements between governments to ensure international trade in specimens of wildlife does not threaten their survival

72
Q

explain what CBD involves

A

the sustainable development for use of biodiversity for peoples need for food, medicine, water, shelter, healthy environments etc.

73
Q

name a local convention strategy

A

CSS - countryside stewardship schemes

74
Q

explain CSS

A

providing financial incentives/ funding to farmers land owners to look after the local land
using buffer strips, hedgerow management, soil protection, low input grassland

module 4: biodiversity, evolution, and disease (3 decks)

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