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A-level Biology > 4.3 > Flashcards

4.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety of species that belong to every group of organism

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2
Q

What is a binomial name?

A

The binomial is made up of the organism’s genus name followed by the species name

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3
Q

How is the bionmial name made up?

A

The binomial is made up of the organism’s genus name (with a capital letter) followed by the species name (lower case)

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4
Q

What can be used to help identify organisms?

A

A dichotomous key

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5
Q

What is Dichotomous key?

A

Di -two
Dichotomous - cut
A key with questions that divide into 2 alternative answers

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6
Q

What is the order of the hierarchy?

A 
Kingdom – some common features
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species – many common features
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7
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

This is the study of the classification of organisms

Taxonomists look for common features (homologies) when putting organisms into groups-

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8
Q

What are Phylogenetic trees?

A
  • Modern classification reflects evolutionary relationships.-
  • A branch in the tree is when two species started to evolve separately.
  • Before the branch the species share a common ancestor.
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9
Q

How are cell walls different in plant, fungi and prokaryotic cells?

A

Plant cell wall made of cellulose
Fungi Cell wall made of chitin
Prokaryotes no cell wall

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10
Q

What does autotrophic mean?

A

Organism that can produce its own food

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11
Q

What are the names of the 5 kingdoms of life?

A

Animalia, plantae, fungi, protoctista and prokaryotic

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12
Q

What were Woese’s new groups?

A
  • bacteria (Eubacteria)

- archaea (Archaebacteria)

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13
Q

What are some features of Bacteria(eubacteria)?

A
  • a different cell membrane
  • flagella with a different internal structure
  • different enzymes for building RNA
  • no proteins bound to their genetic material
  • different mechanism for building RNA and replicating DNA
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14
Q

What are some features of Archaea?

A
  • Archaea share some features with eukaryotes:
  • similar enzymes for building RNA
  • similar mechanisms for building RNA and replication of DNA
  • they have proteins bound to DNA
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15
Q

How are eubacteria different from archaea?

A
  • Different cell membrane to archaea
  • flagella with a different internal structure to those in archaea
  • different enzymes for building RNA
  • no proteins bound to their genetic material
  • different mechanism for building RNA and replicating DNA.
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16
Q

Why do you think the changes took a long time to be accepted (woese)?

A

Need to get the agreement of other scientists working in this area.

17
Q

What are some Classification problems?

A

DNA analysis often supports traditional Linnaean classification based on homologies.
Sometimes DNA analysis shows that organisms are actually very different.

18
Q

What is Convergent evolution?

A

that species evolve to develop similar phenotypic traits.

19
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

When all organisms that reproduce sexually and every individual has a unique combination of alleles,

20
Q

What is the Importance of genetic variation?

A
  • Genetic diversity allows a population to adapt to changing environments.
  • If a population declines some alleles will be lost.
21
Q

What are some sources of genetic variation?

A

During meiosis (cell division to make gametes)
-Chromosomes line up randomly - independent assortment.
-Crossing over means that chromosomes swap DNA.
-Random mutations arise that change the DNA base sequence, leading to new alleles.
After meiosis:
-Mate selection determines the possible combinations of alleles.
-Random fertilisation: it is random which sperm and egg and thus which alleles will come together in the offspring. Recessive alleles may be masked.

22
Q

What are some types of random mutation?

A
  • gene mutation

- chromosome mutation

23
Q

What is gene mutation?

A

change in DNA sequence.

24
Q

What is chromosome mutation?

A

small sections of chromosomes rearranged during meiosis. Chromosomes can be lost, moved and swapped.

25
Q

What is a conservation?

A

The protection of species to reduce the risk of the species becoming extinct

26
Q

What is species richness?

A

Species richness is the number of different species in a habitat

27
Q

What is species eveness?

A

The numbers of each species in a habitat

28
Q

What does D stand for in the diversity index equation?

A

D is the diversity index value

29
Q

What does N stand for in the diversity index equation?

A

N is the total number of individuals of all species

30
Q

What does n stand for in the diversity index equation?

A

n is the number of individuals of each species

A-level Biology (48 decks)

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