2.1 - The effect of CF on the lungs Flashcards
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What is cystic fibrosis?
inherited condition that causes sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive system, affects cell membranes
What is genotype?
the genes found on the chromosomes
What is phenotype?
the physical character expressed
What is homozygous?
having 2 identical alleles of a particular gene
What is heterozygous?
having 2 different alleles of a particular gene
What is the cause of cystic fibrosis?
A mutation in the gene which makes CFTR protein
What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis?
Chronic diarrhoea, digestive problems and chest infection
What are the treatments of cystic fibrosis?
Gene therapy, heart/lung transplant, antibiotics and physiotherapy
What are the air sacs in the lungs called?
alveoli
What are the three type of airways?
trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
What cells make mucus?
goblet cells
Why is the trachea always open?
The rings of cartilage stops the trachea from collapsing so therefore is always open
What part of the trachea allows the trachea to be flexible?
The gaps between the rings of cartilage are filled by the trachealis muscle, elastic fibre and the lumen
How are bronchioles different from bronchi?
There are no goblet cells in the bronchioles but there are clara cells
Squamous epithelium: where is it and how is it adapted?
- where: inner lining of all blood vessels and alveoli
- adaption: the cells are thin to allow the rapid exchange of substances.
Columnar epithelium: where is it and how is it adapted?
where: small intestines the epithelial cells extend out from the basement membrane, to form columnar epithelium.
adaption: the surface facing the intestine lumen is normally covered in microvilli, which greatly increases the surface area.
Ciliated epithelium: where is it and how is it adapted?
where: the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
adaption: The epithelium lining of these structures are more precisely named as pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells. This is due to the basal and columnar not forming distinct layers (if they did they would be titled stratified)
What is a graticule?
A graticule is a small transparent disc with a ruler etched onto its surface, placed in the eyepiece
What is the function of pseudostratified ciliated epithelium?
cilia removes mucus
What is the function of goblet cells?
produce mucus to trap bacteria
Function of cartilage?
The cartilage stops the trachea from collapsing so the airway is always open, holds airway open
What is the function of smooth muscle?
relaxation and constriction of the airway to change their diameter
What is the function of elastic tissue?
allows the lungs to contract and recoil when breathing out
What does lung surfactant do?
- reduces the work required to breathe
- when babies are born prematurely they lack lung surfactant which makes it difficult to breathe
