4.2.2 - classification Flashcards

1
Q

classification

A

the process of grouping things based on their similarities

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2
Q

taxonomic hierarchy

A

an ordered series of progressively smaller categories

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3
Q

seven taxonomic categories

A

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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4
Q

domain

A

a taxonomic category above the kingdom level
the three domains are archea, bacteria, and eukarya

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5
Q

reasons for classifying organisms

A
  • to identify species
  • to predict characteristics
  • to find evolutionary links
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6
Q

species

A

a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

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7
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

a system for giving each organism a two word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species

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8
Q

reasons for binomial nomenclature

A

avoid mistakes, show organisms, give descriptive info, organized info

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9
Q

the five kingdoms

A

prokaryotes, protoctista, fungi, plantae, animalia

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10
Q

features of prokaryotae kingdom

A
  • unicellular
  • no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
  • no visible feeding mechanism
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11
Q

features of protoctista kindgom

A
  • unicellular
  • nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
  • nutrients aquired by photosynthesus or ingestion of other organisms
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12
Q

features of fungi kingdom

A
  • eukaryotic
  • cell walls of chitin
  • lack chlorophyll
  • heterotrophic
  • consist of hyphae and mycelium
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13
Q

features of plantae kingdom

A
  • multicellular
  • nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
  • chlorophyll
  • autotrophic feeders
    -store food as starch
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14
Q

features of anamalia kingdom

A
  • multicellular
  • a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
  • no chloroplasts
  • move with the aid of cilia and flagella
  • food stored as glycogen
  • heterotrophic feeders
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15
Q

changes in classification system

A

scientists have been able to tests for new similarities so some organisms can fall under new or other pre existing categories
more study of genetics and biomols, studying evolutionary relationships

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16
Q

eukaraya

A

domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei

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17
Q

archaea

A

domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan

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18
Q

bacteria domain

A

prokaryotes, cell walls have peptidoglycan

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19
Q

archaebacteria

A

can live in extreme environments

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20
Q

eubacteria

A

known as true bacteria found in all environments

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21
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary relationships between organisms

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22
Q

phylogenetics

A

evolutionary history of groups of organisms

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23
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

a family tree that shows evolutionary relationshops thought to exist among groups of organisms

24
Q

evolution

A

change in a kind of organism over time

25
evidence for evolution - palaeontology
fossils are formed when animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks sediment is deposited on the earth to form layers of rock, which correspond to different geological ears
26
evidence provided by fossil record
fossils of simplest bacteria are found in oldest rocks, more complex are found in recent rocks sequence in which organisms are found matches their ecological links can show how closelt related organisms have evolved from the same ancestor
27
why the fossil record is incomplete
many early life forms were soft bodied, meaning they have left little or no traces behind right conditons are rare nowhere near all fossils have been found
28
comparative anatomy
the study of similarities and differences among structures of living species
29
homologous structures
structure that appears superficially different in different organisms but same underlying structures e.g vertebrate limbs
30
divergent evolution
when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time
31
comparative biochemistry
comparison of organisms protein (amino acid); if amino acid sequence is similar then the organisms are related
32
variation
any difference between individuals of the same species
33
interspecific variation
variation among members of different species
34
intraspecific variation
variation among members of the same species
35
causes of variation
genetic and environmental
36
genetic causes of variation
- alleles - mutations - meiosis - sexual reproduction - fertilisation (chance)
37
characteristic that is determined purely by genetic variations
blood group
38
environmental causes of variation
can be affected by climate, diet, accidents, culture and lifestyle
39
characteristics caused by both genetic and environmental
height, skin, colour
40
discontinuous variation
a characteristic that can only result in certain discrete values, e,g blood type - there are no in between factors using a bar chart
41
continuous variation
variation measured on a continuum rather than in discrete units or categories controlled by number of genes
42
normal distribution (bell curve)
mean, median, mode are all the same bell shape 50% of values are less than mean, 50% are more most values lie close to the the mean value
43
standard deviation
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
44
adaptation
inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival
45
3 types of adaptations
anatomical, behavoural and physiological
46
anatomical adaptations
structural features - body coverings - camoflague - teeth - mimicry
47
marram grass adaptations
rolled up leaves exposes the waterproof cuticle on the outside and means the stomata open into an inner humid space
48
behavioural adaptation
- survival behaviours - courtship -seasonal behaviours like migration and hibernation
49
innate behaviour
behaviour that an organism is born with and does not have to be taught - such as a reflex
50
learned behaviour
a behaviour that has been learned from experience or observation
51
physiological adaptation
- poison production - antibiotic production - waterholding
52
convergent evolution
process by whuch unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
53
examples of analogous structures
bird wing and insect wing, quills on a sea urchin, hedgehog and cactus
54
selection pressure
the environmental factors that favour certain phenotypes
55
steps of natural selection
1. new alleles can arise through mutation 2. organisms whose characteristics are best adapted to SP will have increased chance in survival and reproduction 3. successful organisms pass on the allele for the advantageous characteristic 4. continues until the frequency of the allele increases 5. leads to evolution
56
modern examples of evolution
antibiotic resistant bacteria, peppered moths, sheep, blowflies and flavobacterium
57
how has molecular biology led to changes in the science of classification
RNA polymerase - similar in archaea and eukarya but not in eubacteria - suggesting relationship nuclear DNA - genomes can be sequenced, meaning those that have similar genetic material are more closely related RNA comparison - sequenced to see similarities