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module 4 > 4.2.2 - classification > Flashcards

4.2.2 - classification Flashcards

1
Q

classification

A

the process of grouping things based on their similarities

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2
Q

taxonomic hierarchy

A

an ordered series of progressively smaller categories

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3
Q

seven taxonomic categories

A

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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4
Q

domain

A

a taxonomic category above the kingdom level
the three domains are archea, bacteria, and eukarya

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5
Q

reasons for classifying organisms

A
  • to identify species
  • to predict characteristics
  • to find evolutionary links
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6
Q

species

A

a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

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7
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

a system for giving each organism a two word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species

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8
Q

reasons for binomial nomenclature

A

avoid mistakes, show organisms, give descriptive info, organized info

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9
Q

the five kingdoms

A

prokaryotes, protoctista, fungi, plantae, animalia

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10
Q

features of prokaryotae kingdom

A
  • unicellular
  • no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
  • no visible feeding mechanism
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11
Q

features of protoctista kindgom

A
  • unicellular
  • nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
  • nutrients aquired by photosynthesus or ingestion of other organisms
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12
Q

features of fungi kingdom

A
  • eukaryotic
  • cell walls of chitin
  • lack chlorophyll
  • heterotrophic
  • consist of hyphae and mycelium
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13
Q

features of plantae kingdom

A
  • multicellular
  • nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
  • chlorophyll
  • autotrophic feeders
    -store food as starch
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14
Q

features of anamalia kingdom

A
  • multicellular
  • a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
  • no chloroplasts
  • move with the aid of cilia and flagella
  • food stored as glycogen
  • heterotrophic feeders
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15
Q

changes in classification system

A

scientists have been able to tests for new similarities so some organisms can fall under new or other pre existing categories
more study of genetics and biomols, studying evolutionary relationships

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16
Q

eukaraya

A

domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei

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17
Q

archaea

A

domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan

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18
Q

bacteria domain

A

prokaryotes, cell walls have peptidoglycan

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19
Q

archaebacteria

A

can live in extreme environments

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20
Q

eubacteria

A

known as true bacteria found in all environments

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21
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary relationships between organisms

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22
Q

phylogenetics

A

evolutionary history of groups of organisms

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23
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

a family tree that shows evolutionary relationshops thought to exist among groups of organisms

24
Q

evolution

A

change in a kind of organism over time

25
Q

evidence for evolution - palaeontology

A

fossils are formed when animal and plant remains are preserved in rocks sediment is deposited on the earth to form layers of rock, which correspond to different geological ears

26
Q

evidence provided by fossil record

A

fossils of simplest bacteria are found in oldest rocks, more complex are found in recent rocks
sequence in which organisms are found matches their ecological links
can show how closelt related organisms have evolved from the same ancestor

27
Q

why the fossil record is incomplete

A

many early life forms were soft bodied, meaning they have left little or no traces behind
right conditons are rare
nowhere near all fossils have been found

28
Q

comparative anatomy

A

the study of similarities and differences among structures of living species

29
Q

homologous structures

A

structure that appears superficially different in different organisms but same underlying structures e.g vertebrate limbs

30
Q

divergent evolution

A

when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time

31
Q

comparative biochemistry

A

comparison of organisms protein (amino acid); if amino acid sequence is similar then the organisms are related

32
Q

variation

A

any difference between individuals of the same species

33
Q

interspecific variation

A

variation among members of different species

34
Q

intraspecific variation

A

variation among members of the same species

35
Q

causes of variation

A

genetic and environmental

36
Q

genetic causes of variation

A
  • alleles
  • mutations
  • meiosis
  • sexual reproduction
  • fertilisation (chance)
37
Q

characteristic that is determined purely by genetic variations

A

blood group

38
Q

environmental causes of variation

A

can be affected by climate, diet, accidents, culture and lifestyle

39
Q

characteristics caused by both genetic and environmental

A

height, skin, colour

40
Q

discontinuous variation

A

a characteristic that can only result in certain discrete values, e,g blood type - there are no in between factors
using a bar chart

41
Q

continuous variation

A

variation measured on a continuum rather than in discrete units or categories
controlled by number of genes

42
Q

normal distribution (bell curve)

A

mean, median, mode are all the same
bell shape
50% of values are less than mean, 50% are more
most values lie close to the the mean value

43
Q

standard deviation

A

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

44
Q

adaptation

A

inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival

45
Q

3 types of adaptations

A

anatomical, behavoural and physiological

46
Q

anatomical adaptations

A

structural features
- body coverings
- camoflague
- teeth
- mimicry

47
Q

marram grass adaptations

A

rolled up leaves exposes the waterproof cuticle on the outside and means the stomata open into an inner humid space

48
Q

behavioural adaptation

A
  • survival behaviours
  • courtship
    -seasonal behaviours like migration and hibernation
49
Q

innate behaviour

A

behaviour that an organism is born with and does not have to be taught - such as a reflex

50
Q

learned behaviour

A

a behaviour that has been learned from experience or observation

51
Q

physiological adaptation

A
  • poison production
  • antibiotic production
  • waterholding
52
Q

convergent evolution

A

process by whuch unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

53
Q

examples of analogous structures

A

bird wing and insect wing, quills on a sea urchin, hedgehog and cactus

54
Q

selection pressure

A

the environmental factors that favour certain phenotypes

55
Q

steps of natural selection

A
  1. new alleles can arise through mutation
  2. organisms whose characteristics are best adapted to SP will have increased chance in survival and reproduction
  3. successful organisms pass on the allele for the advantageous characteristic
  4. continues until the frequency of the allele increases
  5. leads to evolution
56
Q

modern examples of evolution

A

antibiotic resistant bacteria, peppered moths, sheep, blowflies and flavobacterium

57
Q

how has molecular biology led to changes in the science of classification

A

RNA polymerase - similar in archaea and eukarya but not in eubacteria - suggesting relationship
nuclear DNA - genomes can be sequenced, meaning those that have similar genetic material are more closely related
RNA comparison - sequenced to see similarities

module 4 (3 decks)

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