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module 4 > 4.1.1 - communicable diseases🦠 > Flashcards

4.1.1 - communicable diseases🦠 Flashcards

1
Q

structure of bacteria

A

prokaryote, no membrane bound nucleus or organelles

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2
Q

how bacteria can be classified

A
  • by their basic shapes (rod, spherical, spiral, corkscrew, comma shapes etc)
  • by their cell walls
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3
Q

virus structure

A

non living, very small, some genetic material surrounded by protein

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4
Q

how viruses cause disease

A

viruses invade living cells, where the genetic material takes over the biochemistry of the host cell to make more viruses. reproduce rapidly and evolve.

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5
Q

bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect bacteria

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6
Q

protoctista

A

a group of eukaryotic single celled microorganisms that may cause disease. they digest cells and use the cell contents to reproduce

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7
Q

fungi

A

an organism that absorbs nutrients from the environment

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8
Q

saphophytes

A

feed on dead and decaying matter

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9
Q

spores

A

form when fungi reproduce
can spready huge distances meaning they can spread diseases rapidly

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10
Q

pathogens that attack the host tissue directlyv

A

viruses - take over cell metabolism
some protocista - take over cells and break them open
fungi - digest living cells and destroy them

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11
Q

pathogens which produce toxins

A

most bacteria produce toxins to damage the host cell in some way, causing disease
some fungi may also produce toxins

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12
Q

ring rot

A

a bacterial disease in tomatoes, potatoes, and aubergines that result in the damage to the leaves.
damages the whole yield

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13
Q

TMV

A

virus that affects plants only
damages leaves, stunting growth and reducing yields

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14
Q

potato blight

A

caused by protoctista
hyphae penetrate host cells, destroying leaves

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15
Q

black sigatoka

A

fungal disease
affects banana plants by attacking and destroying leaves
hyphae penetrate and digest the leaves, reducing yield

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16
Q

TB

A

bacterial disease that damages lung tissue and suppresses the immune system so that the body cannot fight off other diseases
cureable with antibiotics and preventable by using vaccination

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17
Q

bacterial meningitis

A

bacterial infectuon of the meninges of the brain which can spread to the rest of the body causing scepticaemia and rapid death
blotchy permeable rash
antibiotics and/or vaccinations

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18
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

virus which targets T helper cells in the immune system, destroying it.
adjusts the DNA which interacts with genetic material in the body
passed by bodily fluifs
anti-retrovial drugs can slow process

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19
Q

influenza

A

viral infection of ciliated epithelial cells
kills them so airway is open to infection
mutate regularly
no cure but prevented through vaccines

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20
Q

malaria

A

caused by protoctista and spread by bites of infected mosquitos
no vaccine but preventative measures like mosquito nets

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21
Q

ring worm

A

fungal disease causing grey white crusty infectious areas of skin
anti fungal creams

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22
Q

methods of direct transmission

A

direct contact, inoculation, ingestion

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23
Q

direct contact

A

bodily fluids, skin to skin contact, faeces on hands

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24
Q

inoculation

A

through break in skin, animal bite, puncture wound

25
Q

ingestion

A

contaminated food or drink

26
Q

indirect methods of transmission

A

fomites, droplet infection, vectors

27
Q

fomites

A

inanimate objects like bedding socks or cosmetics can transfer pathogens

28
Q

droplet infection

A

minute droplets of saliva and mucus are expelled from your mouth when you talk cough or sneeze

29
Q

vectors

A

a vector transmits communicable pathogens from one host to another,
water can also be a vector

30
Q

factors affecting transmission of communicable diseases in animals

A

living conditions
poor nutrition
compromised immune systen
climate change
cultire and infrastructure
socioeconomic factors

31
Q

indirect transmission methods in plants

A

soil contamination and vectors

32
Q

direct transmission in plants

A

direct contact of a healthy plant with any part of a diseased plant

33
Q

soil contamination in plants

A

infected plants leave spores or pathogens in the soil whuch infect the next crop
some survive the composting process so infection cycle continued

34
Q

vectors in plants

A

wind - spores can be carried in wind
water - spores swim on the surface of water
animals - insects and birds can carry spores
humans - hands, fomites etc

35
Q

factors affecting transmission of communicable diseases in plant

A
  • planting crops that are susceptible to disease
  • overcrowding
  • poor mineral nutrition
  • damp warm conditions
  • climate change
36
Q

how plants recognise an attack

A

receptors in the cell respond to pathogens, stimulating the release of signalling molecules that switcg on the genes in the nucleus

37
Q

physical defences of plants

A

callose
- deposited between cell walls, acting as barriers
-lignin added
- blocks sieve plates in the phloem

38
Q

chemical defences of plants

A

insect repellents
insecticides
antibacterial compounds including antibiotics
antifungal compounds
anti-oomycetes
general toxins

39
Q

barriers to entry of pathogens in mammals

A

the skin - microbial substances
body tracts - mucous membranes
- lysozymes in tears urine
- Hcl in stomach

40
Q

expulsive reflexes

A

coughing ans sneezing
occur automatically
vomiting and diarrheoa expel contents of the gut

41
Q

clotting cascade

A

1 - platelet finds damage
2 - releases platelet plug
3 - releases thromboplastin
4 - thromboplastin and calcium and vit K converts inactive prothrobin into thrombin
5 - thrombin converts fibrogen into fibrin
6 - fibrin threads coat damaged area and trap blood cells to form clot

42
Q

inflammatory response

A

mast cells are activated , releasing histamines/ cytokines
histamines make the blood vessels dilate causing heat so the pathogens do not replicate
cytokines - attract WBC to site

43
Q

fevers

A

cytokines stimulate the hypothalamus to reset the thermostat and temp goes up
- inhibits pathogen reproduction
- specific immune system works faster

44
Q

phagocytosis stages

A
  1. phagocytes attracted to pathogens chemicals
  2. recognise antigens
  3. engulfs the pathogen and encloses it into a phagosome
  4. phagosome combines with lysosome
  5. hydrolytic enzymes called lysosymes digest and destroy the pathogen
45
Q

opsonins

A

chemicals that bind to pathogens and tag them so they are more easily recognisable

46
Q

antibodies

A

Y shaped glycoproteins which bind to specidic antigens on pathogen

47
Q

structure of an antibody

A

two identical polypeptide chains called heavy chains and two shorter chains called light chains
held together by disulfide bridges
bindinh site - known as the variable region

48
Q

how do antibodies defend the body

A

1 - antibody acts as an opsinin so can be engulfed by pathogen
2 - no longer invade the host cells
3 - act as agglutins, making pathogens clump together
4 - act as anti toxins, making them harmless

49
Q

t helper cells

A

have receptors that bind to antigens. produce interleukins stimulating the activity of B cells.

50
Q

T killer cells

A

destroy the pathogen, producing perforin making holes in the cell membrane

51
Q

T memory cells

A

live for a long time and are part of immunological memory

52
Q

T regulator cells

A

supress immune system acting to control and regulate it

53
Q

plasma cells

A

produce antibodies

54
Q

B effector cells

A

divide to form plasma cell clones

55
Q

B memory cells

A

live for a long time and provide immunological memory

56
Q

describe the role of antigen presenting cells play in the immune response

A
  • t helper cells bind to antigen presenting cells
  • t helper cells produce interleukins (trigger B cells)
  • t helper cells attracr macrophages, phagocytosing additional pathogens
57
Q

explain the importance of the secondary immune response

A

reduces the risk of secondary infection
able to respond more quickly to recognised antigens
b memory cells - remember antigens and produce antibodies more quickly
t memory cells - divide rapily and produce clones of killer t cells

58
Q

how is a biological advance allowing defences against pathogens to be engineered?

A

DNA profiling/sequencing

to identify protein signature, and aid in diagnosis/ design vaccines

59
Q
A

module 4 (3 decks)

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