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module 4 > 4.1.1 - communicable diseases🦠 > Flashcards

4.1.1 - communicable diseases🦠 Flashcards

1
Q

structure of bacteria

A

prokaryote, no membrane bound nucleus or organelles

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2
Q

how bacteria can be classified

A
  • by their basic shapes (rod, spherical, spiral, corkscrew, comma shapes etc)
  • by their cell walls
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3
Q

virus structure

A

non living, very small, some genetic material surrounded by protein

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4
Q

how viruses cause disease

A

viruses invade living cells, where the genetic material takes over the biochemistry of the host cell to make more viruses. reproduce rapidly and evolve.

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5
Q

bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect bacteria

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6
Q

protoctista

A

a group of eukaryotic single celled microorganisms that may cause disease. they digest cells and use the cell contents to reproduce

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7
Q

fungi

A

an organism that absorbs nutrients from the environment

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8
Q

saphophytes

A

feed on dead and decaying matter

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9
Q

spores

A

form when fungi reproduce
can spready huge distances meaning they can spread diseases rapidly

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10
Q

pathogens that attack the host tissue directlyv

A

viruses - take over cell metabolism
some protocista - take over cells and break them open
fungi - digest living cells and destroy them

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11
Q

pathogens which produce toxins

A

most bacteria produce toxins to damage the host cell in some way, causing disease
some fungi may also produce toxins

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12
Q

ring rot

A

a bacterial disease in tomatoes, potatoes, and aubergines that result in the damage to the leaves.
damages the whole yield

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13
Q

TMV

A

virus that affects plants only
damages leaves, stunting growth and reducing yields

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14
Q

potato blight

A

caused by protoctista
hyphae penetrate host cells, destroying leaves

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15
Q

black sigatoka

A

fungal disease
affects banana plants by attacking and destroying leaves
hyphae penetrate and digest the leaves, reducing yield

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16
Q

TB

A

bacterial disease that damages lung tissue and suppresses the immune system so that the body cannot fight off other diseases
cureable with antibiotics and preventable by using vaccination

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17
Q

bacterial meningitis

A

bacterial infectuon of the meninges of the brain which can spread to the rest of the body causing scepticaemia and rapid death
blotchy permeable rash
antibiotics and/or vaccinations

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18
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

virus which targets T helper cells in the immune system, destroying it.
adjusts the DNA which interacts with genetic material in the body
passed by bodily fluifs
anti-retrovial drugs can slow process

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19
Q

influenza

A

viral infection of ciliated epithelial cells
kills them so airway is open to infection
mutate regularly
no cure but prevented through vaccines

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20
Q

malaria

A

caused by protoctista and spread by bites of infected mosquitos
no vaccine but preventative measures like mosquito nets

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21
Q

ring worm

A

fungal disease causing grey white crusty infectious areas of skin
anti fungal creams

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22
Q

methods of direct transmission

A

direct contact, inoculation, ingestion

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23
Q

direct contact

A

bodily fluids, skin to skin contact, faeces on hands

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24
Q

inoculation

A

through break in skin, animal bite, puncture wound

25
ingestion
contaminated food or drink
26
indirect methods of transmission
fomites, droplet infection, vectors
27
fomites
inanimate objects like bedding socks or cosmetics can transfer pathogens
28
droplet infection
minute droplets of saliva and mucus are expelled from your mouth when you talk cough or sneeze
29
vectors
a vector transmits communicable pathogens from one host to another, water can also be a vector
30
factors affecting transmission of communicable diseases in animals
living conditions poor nutrition compromised immune systen climate change cultire and infrastructure socioeconomic factors
31
indirect transmission methods in plants
soil contamination and vectors
32
direct transmission in plants
direct contact of a healthy plant with any part of a diseased plant
33
soil contamination in plants
infected plants leave spores or pathogens in the soil whuch infect the next crop some survive the composting process so infection cycle continued
34
vectors in plants
wind - spores can be carried in wind water - spores swim on the surface of water animals - insects and birds can carry spores humans - hands, fomites etc
35
factors affecting transmission of communicable diseases in plant
- planting crops that are susceptible to disease - overcrowding - poor mineral nutrition - damp warm conditions - climate change
36
how plants recognise an attack
receptors in the cell respond to pathogens, stimulating the release of signalling molecules that switcg on the genes in the nucleus
37
physical defences of plants
callose - deposited between cell walls, acting as barriers -lignin added - blocks sieve plates in the phloem
38
chemical defences of plants
insect repellents insecticides antibacterial compounds including antibiotics antifungal compounds anti-oomycetes general toxins
39
barriers to entry of pathogens in mammals
the skin - microbial substances body tracts - mucous membranes - lysozymes in tears urine - Hcl in stomach
40
expulsive reflexes
coughing ans sneezing occur automatically vomiting and diarrheoa expel contents of the gut
41
clotting cascade
1 - platelet finds damage 2 - releases platelet plug 3 - releases thromboplastin 4 - thromboplastin and calcium and vit K converts inactive prothrobin into thrombin 5 - thrombin converts fibrogen into fibrin 6 - fibrin threads coat damaged area and trap blood cells to form clot
42
inflammatory response
mast cells are activated , releasing histamines/ cytokines histamines make the blood vessels dilate causing heat so the pathogens do not replicate cytokines - attract WBC to site
43
fevers
cytokines stimulate the hypothalamus to reset the thermostat and temp goes up - inhibits pathogen reproduction - specific immune system works faster
44
phagocytosis stages
1. phagocytes attracted to pathogens chemicals 2. recognise antigens 3. engulfs the pathogen and encloses it into a phagosome 4. phagosome combines with lysosome 5. hydrolytic enzymes called lysosymes digest and destroy the pathogen
45
opsonins
chemicals that bind to pathogens and tag them so they are more easily recognisable
46
antibodies
Y shaped glycoproteins which bind to specidic antigens on pathogen
47
structure of an antibody
two identical polypeptide chains called heavy chains and two shorter chains called light chains held together by disulfide bridges bindinh site - known as the variable region
48
how do antibodies defend the body
1 - antibody acts as an opsinin so can be engulfed by pathogen 2 - no longer invade the host cells 3 - act as agglutins, making pathogens clump together 4 - act as anti toxins, making them harmless
49
t helper cells
have receptors that bind to antigens. produce interleukins stimulating the activity of B cells.
50
T killer cells
destroy the pathogen, producing perforin making holes in the cell membrane
51
T memory cells
live for a long time and are part of immunological memory
52
T regulator cells
supress immune system acting to control and regulate it
53
plasma cells
produce antibodies
54
B effector cells
divide to form plasma cell clones
55
B memory cells
live for a long time and provide immunological memory
56
describe the role of antigen presenting cells play in the immune response
- t helper cells bind to antigen presenting cells - t helper cells produce interleukins (trigger B cells) - t helper cells attracr macrophages, phagocytosing additional pathogens
57
explain the importance of the secondary immune response
reduces the risk of secondary infection able to respond more quickly to recognised antigens b memory cells - remember antigens and produce antibodies more quickly t memory cells - divide rapily and produce clones of killer t cells
58
how is a biological advance allowing defences against pathogens to be engineered?
DNA profiling/sequencing to identify protein signature, and aid in diagnosis/ design vaccines
59

module 4 (3 decks)

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