4.2.1 - biodiversity 🌲

Question 1

biodiversity

Answer 1

the variety of living organisms present in an area

Question 2

habitat biodiversity

Answer 2

the number of different habitats found within an area

Question 3

species richness

Answer 3

the number of different species living in a particular area

Question 4

species evenness

Answer 4

comparisom of the number of individuals of each species living in a community

Question 5

genetic biodiversity

Answer 5

refers to the variety of genes that make up a species.

Question 6

importance of biodiversity

Answer 6

essential for the processes that support all life on Earth

Question 7

impact of genetic biodiversity

Answer 7

csn lead to quite different characteristics being exhibited, e.g dog breeds
more genetic biodiversity allows for better adaptation to a changing environment

Question 8

sampling

Answer 8

taking measurements of a limited number of individual organisms present in a particular area

Question 9

abundance

Answer 9

number of species in a specific area at any time

Question 10

random sampling

Answer 10

sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion, selecting individuals by chance

Question 11

random sampling steps

Answer 11

mark out a grid on the grass using two tape measures
use random numbers to determine coordinates
take a sample at each of the coordinate pairs

Question 12

opportunistic non random sampling

Answer 12

uses organisms that are conveniently available - not representative of the population

Question 13

stratified non random sampling

Answer 13

some populations can be divided into a number of groups based on a particular characteristic and then a random sample is taken

Question 14

line transect

Answer 14

a line is marked along the ground and samples are taken at specified points

Question 15

sampling bias

Answer 15

selection process might be biased. this can be reduced by using random sampling

Question 16

chance reducing reliability

Answer 16

organisms selected may not be representative of the whole population

Question 17

pooter

Answer 17

used to catch small insects. by sucking on a mouthpiece insects are drawn into the holding chamber via the inlet tube

Question 18

sweep nets

Answer 18

used to catch insects in areas of long grass

Question 19

pitfall traps

Answer 19

used to catch small crawling invertebrates
hole dug into ground which insects falls into
must be deep enough
trap covered so it does not fill up with rainwater

Question 20

tree beating

Answer 20

used to take samples of the invertebrates living in a tree/bush
large white cloth stretched out under the tree
tree is shaken
animals will fall on to the shet

Question 21

quadrats

Answer 21

square frames used in estimating abundance in plants or slow mothing animals

Question 22

capture-mark-recapture

Answer 22

ecological surverying technique used to measure animal populations, in which individual animals are captured, marked and released, after a time the populatiom is re sampled and the number of marked animals caught gives an indication of population size

Question 23

anemometer

Answer 23

instrument used to measure wind speed

Question 24

advantages of abiotic factor sensors

Answer 24

• rapid changes can be detected
• human error is reduced
• high degree of precision can be achieved
• data can be stored and tracked on a computer

Question 25

simpson’s diversity index

Answer 25

= 1 - ( sum of (n/N)^2)

Question 26

importance of genetic biodiversity

Answer 26

species that have a greater genetic biodiversity are more likely to be able to adapt to changes in their environment and less likely to become exinct

Question 27

factors that increase genetic biodiversity

Answer 27

• mutations in DNA of organism, creating new alleles
• interbreeding between different populations, causing alleles to be transferred

Question 28

selective breeding

Answer 28

process of selecting a few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation, decreasing genetic biodiversity

Question 29

captive breeding programmes

Answer 29

raising and breeding organisms in controlled conditions, such as zoos or aqauariums, decreasing genetic biodiversity

Question 30

deforestation affecting biodiversity

Answer 30

directly reduces the number of trees present in an area
species diversity may be reduced
reduces animal species as destroys their habitat

Question 31

agriculture affecting biodiversity

Answer 31

deforestation
removal of hedgerows
use of chemicals such as pesticides
herbicides
monoculture

Question 32

climate change affecting biodiversity

Answer 32

melting of the polar ice caps could lead to the extinction of the species living in these regions

Question 33

aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

Answer 33

enriching lives, inspiration for artists, recovery from stress or injury

Question 34

economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

Answer 34

medical uses
soil erosion and desertification due to deforestation
tourism
cross breeding

Question 35

ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity

Answer 35

interdependence of species, keystone sprecies, maintaining genetic resources

Question 36

conservation

Answer 36

protecting and preserving natural resourcesand the environment

Question 37

in situ conservation

Answer 37

conservation methods wuthin the natural habitat

Question 38

ex situ conservation

Answer 38

conservation methods within the natural habitat

Question 39

wildlife reserve

Answer 39

an area of land where wild animals live and are protected

Question 40

controlled grazing

Answer 40

only allowing animals to graze land for a certain periof of time, giving species time to recover

Question 41

seed banks

Answer 41

institutions that preserve seed types as a kind of living museum of genetic diversity

Question 42

reasons why organisms in captivity cannot be released

Answer 42

• diseases
• behaviour
• genetic races
• habitat

Question 43

how might genetic biodiversity be affected by a seed bank

Answer 43

• small sample sizes may reduce genetic biodiversity
• reduce size of gene pool
• removed natural interbreeding
• surviving population more vulnerable to disease