4.2 Monopolies Flashcards

1
Q

Monopoly

A

Where there is one seller in the market. A Monopoly is considered at 51% market share.

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2
Q

Monopolistic power

A

More than 25% market share

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3
Q

Barriers to entry

A

It is difficult for firms to join the market because of barriers- these can be legal, structural or strategic

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4
Q

Structural barriers

A

Costs of infrastructure mean that it is difficult for a rival firm to join the market. They will struggle to establish the infrastructure on the same scale so their average costs will be higher.

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5
Q

Strategic barriers

A

Where the monopoly firm lowers prices or ties customers into deals where rivals cannot access them or compete.

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6
Q

Legal barriers

A

Protection through a patent or licence from the government.

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7
Q

Barriers to exit

A

Firms find it difficult to exit the market without making a loss.

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8
Q

Price maker

A

A monopoly can choose the price or the level of output for the market and is likely to choose a rpice higher than the cometitive market.

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9
Q

No close substitutes

A

The nature of the Monopoly means consumers cannot substitute the good for another product.

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10
Q

What type of profit can the monopoly make in the short and long run?

A

Supernormal

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11
Q

What type of efficiency would a monopolist have?

A

Dynamic- with supernormal profits the firm can innovate and develop new products and methods of production.

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12
Q

Is the Monopolist allocatively efficient?

A

No- The price does not equal MC.

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13
Q

Is the monopolist productively efficient?

A

No, a profit maximising monopolist would not operate at the bottom of the AC curve.

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14
Q

What is X-inefficiency?

A

Lack of incentive to reduce costs

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15
Q

First degree price discrimination

A

Where monopolists sell each good at the price a consumer is willing to buy. This maximises welfare in the market but gives it all to the producer.

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16
Q

Third degree price discrimination

A

Where the monopolist distinguishes between groups of consumers.

17
Q

Advantages of a monopoly

A

Dynamically efficient; econonmies of scale (reducing average costs); may be able to compete internationally; can help to create new jobs and products with reinvested profits,; can avoid duplication and the constant destruction of perfect competition.

18
Q

Disadvantages of monopolies

A

High prices for consumers, X-Inefficiency; less incentive to innovate due to a lack of competition; diseconomies of scale; less choice for consumers; allocatively inefficient; productively inefficient.

19
Q

Natural monopoly

A

This is where there are large economies of scale so that one firm is only viable.

20
Q

Regulation of monopoly

A

Where governments try to regulate natural monopolies by- price limiting, profit regulation, quality standards, performance targets.