4.2 Monopolies Flashcards
Monopoly
Where there is one seller in the market. A Monopoly is considered at 51% market share.
Monopolistic power
More than 25% market share
Barriers to entry
It is difficult for firms to join the market because of barriers- these can be legal, structural or strategic
Structural barriers
Costs of infrastructure mean that it is difficult for a rival firm to join the market. They will struggle to establish the infrastructure on the same scale so their average costs will be higher.
Strategic barriers
Where the monopoly firm lowers prices or ties customers into deals where rivals cannot access them or compete.
Legal barriers
Protection through a patent or licence from the government.
Barriers to exit
Firms find it difficult to exit the market without making a loss.
Price maker
A monopoly can choose the price or the level of output for the market and is likely to choose a rpice higher than the cometitive market.
No close substitutes
The nature of the Monopoly means consumers cannot substitute the good for another product.
What type of profit can the monopoly make in the short and long run?
Supernormal
What type of efficiency would a monopolist have?
Dynamic- with supernormal profits the firm can innovate and develop new products and methods of production.
Is the Monopolist allocatively efficient?
No- The price does not equal MC.
Is the monopolist productively efficient?
No, a profit maximising monopolist would not operate at the bottom of the AC curve.
What is X-inefficiency?
Lack of incentive to reduce costs
First degree price discrimination
Where monopolists sell each good at the price a consumer is willing to buy. This maximises welfare in the market but gives it all to the producer.