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AS- Biology > 4.2- Biodiversity > Flashcards

4.2- Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of biodiversity?

A

The variety of living organisms in an area

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2
Q

What is the definition of a species?

A

A group of similar organisms are able to reproduce to get fertile offspring

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3
Q

What is the definition of a habitat?

A

An area inhabited by species. It includes the abiotic factors and biotic factors

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4
Q

What are the three different levels of biodiversity can be considered on?

A

Habitat diversity
Species diversity
Genetic diversity

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5
Q

What is the definition of habitat diversity?

A

The number of different habitats in an area

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6
Q

What is the definition of species diversity?

A

The number of different species (species richness) and the abundance of each species (species evenness) in an area

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7
Q

What is the definition of genetic diversity?

A

The variation of alleles within a species

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8
Q

What are the different types of a non-random sampling?

A

Systematic
Opportunistic
Stratified

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9
Q

Why should samples be taken at random?

A

To avoid bias in your results

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10
Q

What is the definition of systematic sampling?

A

When samples are taken at fixed intervals

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11
Q

What is the definition of opportunistic sampling?

A

When samples are chosen by the investigator

It is simple to carry out but the data will be biased

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12
Q

What is the definition of stratified sampling?

A

When different areas in a habitat are identified and sampled separately in proportion to the habitat of a whole

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13
Q

Why is it sometimes necessary to take a non-random sample?

A

Eg. When there’s lots of variety in the distribution and you want to make sure all the different areas are sampled

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14
Q

What is species richness?

A

The number of different species in an area

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15
Q

What is species evenness?

A

A measure of the relative abundance of each species in an area

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16
Q

If a habitat has a great species richness and a high species evenness, what will happen to the biodiversity?

A

It will be high

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17
Q

How is biodiversity measured?

A

Using the Simpsons index of diversity

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18
Q

What is the formula for the simpsons index of diversity?

A

D=1-(sum of(Total number of individuals of 1 species/Total number of organisms of all species)^2)

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19
Q

A habitat has a simpsons index of diversity equal to 0. What does this mean?

A

It is not very diverse

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20
Q

A habitat has a The Simpsons index of diversity equal to 1. What does this mean?

A

It is very diverse

21
Q

What could occur if a population has a low genetic diversity?

A

They might not be able to adapt to change in the environment in the whole population could be wiped out buy disease

22
Q

What does polymorphism describe?

A

A locus that has two or more alleles

23
Q

What are the three main factors that affect global biodiversity?

A

Human population growth
Increased use of monoculture in agriculture
Climate change

24
Q

How does human population growth decrease biodiversity?

A

Habitat loss
Overexploitation- greater demand for resources
Urbanisation can isolate species
Pollution can destroy habitats

25
Q

How does increased use of monoculture in agriculture decrease biodiversity?

A

Habitat are lost as land is cleared
Plants destroyed with pesticides
Varieties of crops that don’t make enough money and not planted anymore

26
Q

How does climate change affect biodiversity?

A

A changing climate can increase or decrease the habitable areas of some species (this can increase or decrease biodiversity)
Species may be forced to migrate which shuffles biodiversity around (species can even go extinct)

27
Q

Why is maintaining biodiversity important? (ecological reasons)

A

To protect species, including keystone species

To maintain genetic resources

28
Q

Why is it important to protect species, including keystone species?

A

Organisms in an ecosystem are interdependent

The loss of just one species can cause disruption of food chains and disruption of the nutrient Cycle

29
Q

What’s a keystone species?

A

Species which many other species in an ecosystem depend on and without them, the system will change dramatically
They can be Predators modifiers or hosts

30
Q

Why is it important to maintain genetic resources?

A

Genetic resources provide us with a variety of everyday products such as food, clothes, industrial materials and drugs

31
Q

What is an economic reason for maintaining biodiversity?

A

To reduce soil depletion

32
Q

What is soil depletion?

A

When nutrients required by crops are gradually used up. It is caused by continuous monoculture and has a large economic cost of fertilisers

33
Q

What are the three main reasons to maintain biodiversity?

A

Ecological reasons
Economic reasons
Aesthetic reasons

34
Q

What is a genetic resource?

A

Any material containing genes which we find valuable

35
Q

What is an aesthetic reason for maintaining biodiversity?

A

Areas rich in biodiversity provide attractive landscapes that people can enjoy

36
Q

What is in situ conservation?

A

Protecting species in their natural habitats

37
Q

What is ex situ conservation?

A

Protecting a species by removing part of the population from threatened habitats and placing it in a new location
It is often used as a last Resort

38
Q

What are 4 methods of in situ conservation?

A

Establishing protected areas such as national parks and wildlife reserves
Controlling the introduction of species that threaten local biodiversity
Protecting habitats- controlling water levels to conserve Wetlands
Giving legal protection to endangered species

39
Q

What are 4 methods of ex situ conservation?

A

Relocating an organism to a safer area
Breeding organisms in captivity and then reintroducing them
Botanic gardens
Seed Banks

40
Q

What or some advantages of in situ conservation?

A

The species and habitats a conserved

Larger populations can be protected and it’s less disruptive

41
Q

What is a disadvantage of in situ conservation?

A

It can be difficult to control some factors that are threatening a species

42
Q

What is an advantage of ex situ conservation?

A

Can be used to protect individual animals in a controlled environment and threats can be managed more easily

43
Q

What is a disadvantage of ex situ conservation?

A

Only a small number of individuals can be cared for
It can be difficult and expensive to create the right environment
It is less successful in situ methods

44
Q

What are botanic gardens?

A

Controlled environment used to grow variety of rare plants

45
Q

What are seed Banks?

A

Places where seeds are frozen and stored.

They provide a useful source of seeds if natural reserves are destroyed

46
Q

How does the Rio Convention on biological diversity (CBD) help conserve biodiversity?

A

It makes it international law but conserving biodiversity is everyone’s responsibility
It provides guidance to government on how to conserve biodiversity

47
Q

How does the CITES agreement help conserve endangered species?

A

The member countries all agree to make it illegal to kill endangered species
Agreement makes it illegal to trade products made from endangered species

48
Q

What is the CITES agreement?

A

An agreement designed to increase international cooperation in regulating trade in wild animal and plant specimens

49
Q

What is the countryside stewardship scheme (CSS)?

A

A local scheme in the UK that aims to conserve wildlife and biodiversity
Agreement offered to pay landowners who followed management techniques

AS- Biology (12 decks)

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