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AS- Biology > 2.3- Nucleotides and nucleic acid > Flashcards

2.3- Nucleotides and nucleic acid Flashcards

1
Q

What three component is a nucleotide made of?

A

Pentose sugar
A nitrogenous base
A phosphate group

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2
Q

What is nucleotides the monomer of?

A

DNA and RNA

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3
Q

What are ADP and ATP used for?

A

To store and transport energy in cells

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4
Q

What is the sugar in a DNA nucleotide called?

A

Deoxyribose

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5
Q

What are the names of the four bases found in DNA?

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine

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6
Q

What is the definition of a purine base?

A

A base which contains 2 carbon-nitrogen rings joined together

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7
Q

What is the definition of a pyrimidine base?

A

A base which only has 1 carbon-nitrogen ring

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8
Q

Which two bases are purines?

A

Adenine and guanine

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9
Q

Which two bases are pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine and thymine

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10
Q

What is the sugar in RNA called?

A

Ribose

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11
Q

What are the names of the four bases found in RNA?

A

Adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine

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12
Q

Is uracil a purine or pyrimidine?

A

Pyrimidine

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13
Q

How many polynucleotide chains is RNA made up of?

A

1

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14
Q

How many polynucleotide chains is DNA made up of?

A

2

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15
Q

I have two carbon nitrogen rings. What am I?

A

A purine

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16
Q

List two examples phosphorylated nucleotides?

A

ADP and ATP

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17
Q

What is ADP made of?

A

The base adenine
The sugar ribose
Two phosphate groups (adenosine diphosphate)

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18
Q

What is ATP made of?

A

The base adenine
The sugar ribose
3 phosphate groups (adenosine triphosphate)

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19
Q

What is the function of ATP?

A

It provides energy for chemical reactions in the cell

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20
Q

How is ATP synthesised?

A

ADP is phosphorylated with inorganic phosphate and a phosphate Bond is formed

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21
Q

How is energy released from ATP?

A

Energy is stored in the phosphate Bond and is released when this Bond breaks

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22
Q

How do two nucleotides join together?

A

A phosphodiester Bond is formed between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another

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23
Q

Which two molecules make up the sugar phosphate backbone?

A

Sugars and phosphates

24
Q

Johnny wants to eat some sugar but only has some polynucleotides. How can he turn his polynucleotides into sugar?

A

He could break the phosphodiester Bond and turn the polynucleotide into sugars, a phosphate group and a base

25
Q

How do the two strands in DNA join together?

A

Two DNA polynucleotide strands joined together by hydrogen bonding between the bases

26
Q

Which bases pair together?

A

Adenine and thymine

Cytosine and guanine

27
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between the bases adenine and thymine in a double helix?

A

Two hydrogen bonds

28
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between the bases cytosine and guanine in a double helix?

A

Three hydrogen bonds

29
Q

True or false. DNA is made of two antiparallel strands.

A

True. They run in opposite directions

30
Q

What reaction can you use to purify DNA?

A

A precipitation reaction- Its the one in class with the washing up liquid and the blender.

31
Q

Do you know the method to purify DNA?

A

No? You should learn it

32
Q

What is the full method of semi conservative DNA replication?

A

DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the 2 polynucleotides and the Helix unwinds
Each original Strand acts as a template for a New Strand.
Free floating DNA nucleotides join to the exposed bases by complementary base pairing
The nucleotides of the New Strand are joined together by DNA polymerase which forms the sugar phosphate backbone
Hydrogen bonds form between the bases on the original and New Strand
Each new DNA molecule contains one Strand from the original DNA and one from the new strand

33
Q

What is the type of replication DNA uses called?

A

Semi-conservative replication

34
Q

Why is semi-conservative replication called this?

A

Because each new DNA molecule contains one Strand from the original DNA molecule and one New Strand

35
Q

Toby has a mutation in his replicated DNA base sequence. How will the protein be different to normal?

A

It can cause an abnormal protein to be produced (which might function better) or might not work at all

36
Q

What is a gene?

A

A sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a polypeptide. It is responsible for a certain characteristic

37
Q

How are amino acids coded from bases?

A

A sequence of three bases (called a triplet) codes for an amino acid

38
Q

What are the three main types of RNA?

A

Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA

39
Q

What are three adjacent bases called in messenger RNA?

40
Q

What is the function of messenger RNA?

A

It carries the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it’s used to make protein during translation

41
Q

Where is messenger RNA synthesized?

A

In the nucleus

42
Q

Where is transfer RNA found?

A

In the cytoplasm

43
Q

What is the structure of transfer RNA?

A

It has an amino acid binding site at one end and a sequence of three bases called an anticodon at the other

44
Q

What is the function of transfer RNA?

A

It carries the amino acids that are used to make proteins to the ribosomes during translation

45
Q

What is the function of ribosomal RNA?

A

It forms the two subunits in a ribosome and helps catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds

46
Q

Andrew is looking at a very small section of genetic code with 6 bases. Andrew knows that this is read as 2 codons which don’t share their bases. What can Andrews say about the genetic code?

A

It is non overlapping

47
Q

The genetic code is degenerate. What does this mean?

A

There are more possible, combinations of triplets than that are amino acids. This means some amino acids I coded for by more than one base triplet.

48
Q

The genetic code is universal. What does this mean?

A

The same base triplets code for the same amino acids in all living things

49
Q

How can you show there are only 64 possible triplet combinations?

A

There are 4 possible bases and 3 bases in a triplet

4^3=64

50
Q

Robin is looking at codon UAG. UAG doesn’t code for any amino acid. What kind of codon is it and where is it found in a gene?

A

It is a stop codon that is found at the end of the gene

51
Q

What is the name of the first stage of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription

52
Q

What is the name for the second stage of protein synthesis?

A

Translation

53
Q

What enzyme is involved in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

54
Q

Describe the process of transcription.

A

RNA polymerase attaches to the double helix
The hydrogen bonds between the two strands break, separating the Strand and the DNA molecule uncoils
The RNA polymerase lines up free RNA nucleotides alongside the template Strand.
Complementary base pairing means the mrna Strand ends up being a complimentary copy
The RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, seperating The Strands and assembling the mRNA
The hydrogen bonds between uncoiled strands of DNA Reform and the mRNA moves nucleus through a nuclear pore

55
Q

Describe the process of translation.

A

The mRNA attaches itself to a ribosome
tRNA anticodons bind to mRNA codons by complementary base pairing
rRNA catalyzes the formation of a peptide Bond between the amino acids attached to the tRNA molecules
A polypeptide chain moves away and translation is complete

AS- Biology (12 decks)

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