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AS- Biology > 2.2- Biological molocules > Flashcards

2.2- Biological molocules Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of bond is water called?

A

Covalent

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2
Q

How is a hydrogen bond formed?

A

Oxygen molecules pull electrons closer,making it slightly negative. This makes hydrogen atoms slightly positive which forms hydrogen bonds.

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3
Q

On diagrams, how should you express charge?

A

with a delta+ or delta- symbol

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4
Q

Why is water so important in the human body? (name 3)

A

It acts as a medium for chemical reactions
It is a major component for tissues
It maintains body temperature

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5
Q

Why is water so important for plants? (name 3)

A

It is required for photosynthesis
it is used to transport substances such as nutrients
It can act as a habitat for organisms such as algae

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6
Q

What is water surface tension?

A

The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of the water

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7
Q

Why is water surface tension important for organisms?

A

It allows small organisms to walk on water and lily pads to float.

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8
Q

What is special about waters SHC?

A

It has a very high SHC because of the many hydrogen bonds which require lots of energy to break.
This means water is a liquid at RT instead of a gas

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9
Q

Why is waters high SHC important for organisms?

A

It ensures the body temperature remains largely constant

When we sweat, water absorbs heat before evaporating which helps cool us down and regulates temperature

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10
Q

Why does water behave as a solvent?

A

The hydrogen bonds attract other molecules such as salt which can make water heavily attracted to the other molecule and break it apart/dissolve it

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11
Q

Why is it important for organisms that water behaves as a solvent?

A

it allows substances to be dissolved and transported to different parts of an organism

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12
Q

Why is water a dense liquid?

A

the hydrogen bonds pull the water molocules closer together

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13
Q

Why is the density of water important for organism?

A

Waters density means that many animals can float or swim

organisms can also change their density to float/sink

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14
Q

What is another word for water concentration?

A

Water potential

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15
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Organic compounds which compose of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms only

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16
Q

Why are carbohydrates essential to organisms?

A

Because they act as energy sources, energy stores and structural unit

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17
Q

What is the general formula for monosaccharides.

A

CnH2nOn

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18
Q

What are isomers?

A

a compound with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms

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19
Q

What are the 2 isomers that glucose exists in?

A

Alpha glucose and Beta glucose

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20
Q

True or false. Monosaccharide can be joined together to form disaccharides.

A

true

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21
Q

What is a reaction called if water is removed?

A

condensation reaction

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22
Q

What is a reaction called if water and enzymes are added to break apart a bond?

A

Hydrolysis reaction

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23
Q

If 2 monosaccharides are bonded together, what is this bond called?

A

1-4 glycosidic bond

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24
Q

Why is an a1-4 glycosidic bond called this?

A

it is a bond between the first carbon atom and the 4th carbon atom

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25
Q

Why are glycogen and starch suitable energy stores?

A

they are compact and are found in chains which can be easily snipped off for respiration by hydrolysis reactions

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26
Q

Why are branched chains better for releasing lots of energy quickly?

A

more molecules can be “snipped off” by hydrolysis at once which provides more energy

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27
Q

Why are polysaccharides less soluble in water than monosaccharides?

A

They have a large size and because regions which could hydrogen bond with water are hidden on the inside of the molecule

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28
Q

True or False. Amylose and Amylopectin are found in animals

A

False. Amylose and Amylopectin are found in plants

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29
Q

Were are Amylose and Amylopectin stored in the organism?

A

Dense granules in starch grains in cells

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30
Q

What disaccharide is formed when 2 alpha glucose molocules are joined together?

A

maltose

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31
Q

What disaccharide is formed when alpha glucose and fructose join together?

A

Sucrose

32
Q

What disaccharide is formed when alpha/beta glucose and galactose join together?

A

Lactose

33
Q

What polysaccharide is formed when many alpha glucose molecules join together?

A

Amylose

34
Q

Briefly describe the structure of Amylose.

A

A long unbranched chain of alpha glucose.
The angles of the glycosidic bond give it a coiled structure.
This makes it compact and great for storage.

35
Q

Briefly describe the structure of Amylopectin.

A

Long branched chains of alpha Glucose.
Its side branches allow the enzymes that break molecules down to get at the bonds easily so glucose can be released quickly.

36
Q

Starch is the main energy storage material in……..

A

Plants

37
Q

Starch is a mixture of the 2 polysaccharides……….

A

Amylose and amylopectin

38
Q

Glycogen is the main energy storage material in……

A

Animals

39
Q

Briefly describe the structure of glycogen.

A

A long branched chain of alpha glucose with loads of side branches which allow glucose to be released very quickly
It is also a compact molecule and good for storage

40
Q

Briefly describe the structure of Cellulose.

A

Long unbranched chains of beta glucose.
When beta molecules bond, they form straight cellulose chains.
Every other beta glucose molecule is rotated 180 degrees to allow them to bond together.

41
Q

Why do hydrogen bonds make cellulose strong?

A

Cellulose chains are linked together by hydrogen bonds to form strong fibres called microfibrills.
These strong fibres provide structural support for cells

42
Q

What are the 3 types of Lipids?

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol

43
Q

What are triglycerides

A

Macromolocules (Complex molocules with a relatively large molecular mass) which contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and a little bit of oxygen. They have 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids attached to them.

44
Q

What is the structure of triglycerides?

A

1 molocule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

45
Q

Why are lipids insoluble in water?

A

Fatty acid molecules have long tails made up of hydrocarbons.
These tails are hydrophobic and repel water Molocules which make lipids insoluble in water.

46
Q

What type of bonds to triglycerides contain?

A

Ester bonds

47
Q

The process in which triglycerides are synthesised is called…

A

esterification

48
Q

Hydrolysis reactions ………… bonds.

A

Break

49
Q

Condensation reactions …………… bonds

A

create

50
Q

What is a lipid?

A

A group of substances containing a large amount of carbon and hydrogen that are soluble in alcohol instead of water because they are non polar molocules

51
Q

What are the 5 main functions of triglycerides?

A 
energy source
energy store
insulation
buoyancy
protection
52
Q

What is the strucure of a saturated fatty acid?

A

no C=C double bonds and as many hydrogens as possible

53
Q

What is the structure of an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

at least 1 C=C double bond and as a result, fewer hydrogen atoms

54
Q

What can ester bonds form between?

A

each glycerol molecule and up to 3 fatty acids

55
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A glycerol molocule bonded to 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group

56
Q

Where are phospholipids found?

A

Cell membranes

A Phospholipid bilayer

57
Q

How do phospholipids form barriers that water soluble molocules cant pass across?

A

The phospate group is on the head of the molocule and is hydrophillic so dissolves on the outside of the bilayer
The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic so form a barrier that water soluble molocules cant pass across

58
Q

What is an AA?

A

The building blocks of all proteins

59
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

2AA’s joined together by a peptide bond

60
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

a long polymer chain of 2 or more AA’s joined together by peptide bonds

61
Q

The general structure of all AA’s involves 1 central atom bonding to 4 groups. What are these groups?

A

Hydrogen Group
Carboxyl Group
Amino Group
R group

62
Q

Which amino acid group changes the amino acid formed?

A

The R group. There are 20 different types of R groups meaning there are 20 different AA’s

63
Q

Peptide bonds are formed in ………… reactions between………….?

A

Condensation

Amino Acids

64
Q

Peptide bonds occur between groups?

A

Carboxyl group of 1 atom and Hydroxyl group of another

65
Q

When peptide bonds are broken apart, this is a ………… reaction?

A

Hydrolysis

66
Q

How many different levels of protein structure are there?

What are they called?

A

4

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

67
Q

What is found on the primary structure of proteins?

A

An amino Acid sequence

68
Q

What is found on the secondary structure of proteins?

A

Coiling or folding of amino acid chains to produce alpha helices, beta pleated sheets or unstructured regions.

69
Q

What is found on the tertiary structure of proteins?

A

The folding of alpha helices, beta pleated sheets or unstructured regions to form an overall 3d shape

70
Q

What is found on the Quaternary structure of proteins?

A

NOT always applicable

How multiple polypeptide chains are arranged to make a protein

71
Q

How are secondary structure proteins held together?

A

By hydrogen bonding

72
Q

How are tertiary structure proteins held together?

A

Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
Disulfide bonds
Hydrophobic and Hydrophillic interactions

73
Q

Secondary structure proteins are susceptible to…?

A

PH and temperature changes

74
Q

Quaternary structures are held together by…?

A

Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
Disulfide bonds
Hydrophobic and hydrophillic interactions

75
Q

Do turtles have fingernails?

A

YES

AS- Biology (12 decks)

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