4.2

Question 1

Alcohols; properties

Answer 1

Polar O-H bond
London forces and H-bonds

Lower volatility than alkenes

Shorter chains soluble in water

Question 2

Primary alcohol = ?

Answer 2

-OH attached to C with no C’s attached to it

Question 3

Secondary alcohol = ?

Answer 3

-OH attached to C with 2 C’s attached to it

Question 4

Tertiary alcohol = ?

Answer 4

-OH attached to C with three C’s attached to it

Question 5

Alcohols; combustion

Answer 5

C2H5OH + 3O2 -> 2CO2 + 3H2O

Question 6

Primary alcohol; distillation and reflux

Answer 6

Distillation of primary = ALDEHYDE

Reflux of primary = CARBOXYLIC ACID

Question 7

Secondary alcohol; reflux

Answer 7

Reflux of secondary = ketone

Question 8

Conditions for distillation and reflux

Answer 8

Acidified potassium dichromate

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

Question 9

definition of NUCLEOPHILE

Answer 9

Species that donates a lone pair of electrons

Question 10

Haloalkanes; Nucleophilic substitution

Answer 10

Nucleophile e.g. OH- attacks carbon making C slightly +ve and (e.g.) Cl slightly -ve

Nucleophile suns out the halide

Highest rate of hydrolysis = 1-iodo…
Slowest rate of hydrolysis = 1-chloro…

Question 11

CFCs

Answer 11

i) CF2Cl2 -> CF2Cl• + Cl•

p1) Cl• + O3 -> ClO• + O2
p2) ClO• + O-> Cl• + O2
Overall) O3 + O -> 2O2

Question 12

Mass spectrometry

Answer 12

Loses an e- to form +ve ion = molecular ion
Detects mass to charge ratio m/z

e.g. CH3CH2CH2OH -> CH3CH2CH2OH+ + e-

Molecular ion peak=clear peak at highest m/z value (usually small)

Question 13

Fragmentation (mass spec)

Answer 13

e.g. CH3CH2CH2OH+ -> CH2OH+ + CH3CH2•

Fragment ion and RADICAL formed

Question 14

Infrared spectroscopy

Answer 14

Covalent bonds absorb IR radiation = bend/stretch more (distance/angle changes)

Heavier=slower
Stronger bond=faster