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A Level Chemistry > 4.1 > Flashcards

4.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Saturated vs unsaturated

A

Saturated = no double bonds

Unsaturated = double bonds

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2
Q

What’s a homologous series?

A

?

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3
Q

Empirical formula = ?

A

Simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a molecule

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4
Q

Naming compounds

A

OH = alcohol

COH = aldehyde

CO = ketone

COOH = carboxylic acid (-oic acid)

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5
Q

definition of STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM

A

Compounds with the SAME MOLECULAR formula but DIFF STRUCTURAL formula

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6
Q

Homolytic fission = ?

A

Each bonded atom takes ONE of the shared pair of electrons

Radicals formed

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7
Q

Heterolytic fission = ?

A

One bonded atom takes BOTH of the shared pair of electrons

-ve and +ve ions formed

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8
Q

Alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

SATURATED - covalent sigma bond
TETRAHEDRAL - 109.5 degrees

Additional carbons = increased bpt (higher SA, stronger London forces)

Increased branching = less SA contact, weaker London forces (don’t pack together)

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9
Q

Alkanes; combustion

A

X + excess O2 -> CO2 + H2O

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10
Q

Alkanes; + UV light

A

e.g. CH4 + Br2 -> CH3Br + HBr

Substitution (from monosubstituted isomers)

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11
Q

Alkanes; free radical substitution

A

e.g. Brominisation

1 INITIATION
Br2 -> 2Br• (+UV light)

2 PROPAGATION

i) CH4 + Br• -> CH3• + HBr
ii) CH3• + Br2 -> CH3Br + Br•

3 TERMINATION
2Br• -> Br2
2CH3• -> C2H6
CH3• + Br• -> CH3Br

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12
Q

Alkanes

A

CnH2n

UNSATURATED - 3e- in sigma, one in pi bond
TRIGONAL PLANAR - 120 degrees

Pi bond will break

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13
Q

definition of STERIOISOMERISM?

A

SAME STRUCTURAL formula but DIFF ARRANGEMENT of atoms in space

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14
Q

E/Z isomerism = ?

A

C=C double bond
Diff. groups attached to each C

E = diff sides
Z = same side

(Top/bottom)

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15
Q

Cis/trans isomerism = ?

A

C=C double bond
Each attached to diff. groups
One group must be HYDROGEN

Cis = same side
Trans = diff side
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16
Q

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog

nomenclature = ?

A 
Z = groups of HIGHER PRIORITY on same side
E = groups of HIGHER PRIORITY on diff sides

HIGHER ATOMIC NO = HIGHER PRIORITY

(Group w higher atomic no. at first point of difference = higher priority)

17
Q

Alkenes; addition

A

Hydrogen+nickel catalyst=alkane

Steam+phosphoric acid catalyst=alcohol

Halogens=haloalkanes

18
Q

Alkenes; electrophilic addition

A

i) high electron density attracts ELECTROPHILES

Electrophile = e- pair acceptor

ii) e- pair on pi bond attracted to electrophile (dipole could be induced by high electron density)
iii) carbocation formed

Br s- becomes Br- and is attracted to carbocation

19
Q

Markownikoff’s Rule = ?

A

When a hydrogen halide reacts with an unsymmetrical alkene, the hydrogen attaches itself to the C with the greater number of H atoms already attached

20
Q

Carbocation stability

A

Major produce formed via most stable carbocation

Less H = more stable
Primary-secondary-tertiary

21
Q

Alkenes; polymerisation

A

High temp and high pressure and catalyst

Addition polymerisation: from long saturated chains

22
Q

Polymerisation; disposing of waste polymers

A

Lack of reactivity = non-biodegradable = build up = kill marine life

23
Q

Polymerisation; recycling

A

Decreases landfill
Have to be sorted
Used to make new products

24
Q

Polymerisation; PVC recycling

A 
Hazardous = high Cl content 
Burnt = releases hydrogen chlorine = corrosive

Solvents could dissolve the polymer

25
Q

Polymerisation; using waste polymers as fuel

A

Incinerated to produce heat

Steam turns turbine = electricity

26
Q

Polymerisation; feedstock recycling

A

Chemical and thermal processes that reclaim monomers/gases/oil from waste polymers

Used as raw materials - new polymers

27
Q

Polymerisation; biodegradable polymers

A

Broken down by microorganisms to H2O, CO2 and biological compounds

Compostable polymers e.g. poly(lactic acid)

A Level Chemistry (10 decks)

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