4.2

Question 1

4.2a

Minerals

Answer 1

Formed as molten rock beneath Earth flows as magma from the mantle & cools

99% of minerals are made of only 8 elements - O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg

Question 2

4.2a

Rocks

Answer 2

Composed of minerals formed when magma reaches surface, cools & hardens

made up from lithosphere that forms on the surface

Question 3

4.2a

Types of Rock Formation

Answer 3

Intrusive (form when magma cools underground)

Extrusive (forms when magma cools above ground)

Question 4

4.2a

Types of rocks

Answer 4

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

Question 5

4.2a Rock traits

Igneous rock traits

Answer 5

Form directly from magma
Dark colored & heavy
Presence of holes or grains

basalt, obsidian, granite

Question 6

4.2a Rock traits

Sedimentary

Answer 6

Form from preexisting sediments (broken rocks)
Light colored & light weight
Presence of fossils

sandstone, shale, limestone, dolomite

Question 7

4.2 Rock traits

Metamorphic

Answer 7

Preexisting rocks under high temperature & pressure
Banded light & dark colors
Grains or obvious layers
Typically thin

slate, schist, marble, gneiss

Question 8

4.2b

What is soil made of

Answer 8

Mineral Materials
Air
Water
Organic matter (Humas, roots, Organism)

Question 9

4.2b

What is soil

Answer 9

Mix of geologic (rock) and organic (living) components

Question 10

4.2b

Mineral Particles

Answer 10

rock, sand, silt, clay (skeleton of soil) all from the Lithosphere

Question 11

4.2b

Organic Matter

Answer 11

humus, invertebrates, microorganisms, large animals

Question 12

4.2b

What is Humus

Answer 12

main organic part of soil (broken down biomass like leaves, dead animals, waste, etc.). Can hold lots of nutrients & moisture (compost)

Question 13

4.2b

Air

Answer 13

mainly oxygen and nitrogen within soil grains`

Question 14

4.2b

Water

Answer 14

percolates down from surface within soil grains

Question 15

4.2b

Soil formation

Answer 15

Below- Weathering of parent material produces smaller, and smaller fragments that make up geological/inorganic part of soil

Above-

Question 16

4.2b

What are the types of soil

Answer 16

Clay
Silt
Clay

Question 17

4.2b

What influences soil

Answer 17

Parent Material
Climate
Topography
Organism
Time

Question 18

4.2b

Parent Material

Answer 18

underlying rock where soil’s inorganic compounds derive

Question 19

4.2b

Climate

Answer 19

temperature and precipitation

Warmer = faster breakdown of organic matter (decomposition), rapid weathering, & rapid nutrient leaching; Colder = low water movement and low decomposition
More precipitation = more weathering, erosion, and deposition

Question 20

4.2b

Topography

Answer 20

Surface slope & landscape

steep slope = too much erosion, landslides
more level ground = deposition leads to accumulation of more material

Question 21

4.2b

Organisms

Answer 21

soil organisms like bacteria, fungi, worms breakdown organic matter, remove nutrients, speed up weathering

Question 22

4.2b

Time

Answer 22

how long has it been forming (young or old)

Question 23

4.2b

What are the Soil Horizones

Answer 23

O Organic matter
A Topsoil
E Leaching layer
B subsoil
C Weathered parent material
R Parent material

Question 24

4.2b

Organic Matter

Answer 24

leaves, needles, twigs, animal bodies, plant roots

Question 25

4.2b

Topsoil

Answer 25

organic material, humus & minerals mixed

Question 26

4.2b

leaching layer

Answer 26

leaches iron, aluminum, acids, water

Question 27

4.2b

Subsoil

Answer 27

mineral material (nutrients!), almost no organic matter

Question 28

4.2b

Weathered Parent material

Answer 28

similar to parent material