4.2 Flashcards
4.2a
Minerals
Formed as molten rock beneath Earth flows as magma from the mantle & cools
99% of minerals are made of only 8 elements - O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg
4.2a
Rocks
Composed of minerals formed when magma reaches surface, cools & hardens
made up from lithosphere that forms on the surface
4.2a
Types of Rock Formation
Intrusive (form when magma cools underground)
Extrusive (forms when magma cools above ground)
4.2a
Types of rocks
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
4.2a Rock traits
Igneous rock traits
Form directly from magma
Dark colored & heavy
Presence of holes or grains
basalt, obsidian, granite
4.2a Rock traits
Sedimentary
Form from preexisting sediments (broken rocks)
Light colored & light weight
Presence of fossils
sandstone, shale, limestone, dolomite
4.2 Rock traits
Metamorphic
Preexisting rocks under high temperature & pressure
Banded light & dark colors
Grains or obvious layers
Typically thin
slate, schist, marble, gneiss
4.2b
What is soil made of
Mineral Materials
Air
Water
Organic matter (Humas, roots, Organism)
4.2b
What is soil
Mix of geologic (rock) and organic (living) components
4.2b
Mineral Particles
rock, sand, silt, clay (skeleton of soil) all from the Lithosphere
4.2b
Organic Matter
humus, invertebrates, microorganisms, large animals
4.2b
What is Humus
main organic part of soil (broken down biomass like leaves, dead animals, waste, etc.). Can hold lots of nutrients & moisture (compost)
4.2b
Air
mainly oxygen and nitrogen within soil grains`
4.2b
Water
percolates down from surface within soil grains
4.2b
Soil formation
Below- Weathering of parent material produces smaller, and smaller fragments that make up geological/inorganic part of soil
Above-
4.2b
What are the types of soil
Clay
Silt
Clay
4.2b
What influences soil
Parent Material
Climate
Topography
Organism
Time
4.2b
Parent Material
underlying rock where soil’s inorganic compounds derive
4.2b
Climate
temperature and precipitation
Warmer = faster breakdown of organic matter (decomposition), rapid weathering, & rapid nutrient leaching; Colder = low water movement and low decomposition
More precipitation = more weathering, erosion, and deposition
4.2b
Topography
Surface slope & landscape
steep slope = too much erosion, landslides
more level ground = deposition leads to accumulation of more material
4.2b
Organisms
soil organisms like bacteria, fungi, worms breakdown organic matter, remove nutrients, speed up weathering
4.2b
Time
how long has it been forming (young or old)
4.2b
What are the Soil Horizones
O Organic matter
A Topsoil
E Leaching layer
B subsoil
C Weathered parent material
R Parent material
4.2b
Organic Matter
leaves, needles, twigs, animal bodies, plant roots
4.2b
Topsoil
organic material, humus & minerals mixed
4.2b
leaching layer
leaches iron, aluminum, acids, water
4.2b
Subsoil
mineral material (nutrients!), almost no organic matter
4.2b
Weathered Parent material
similar to parent material
