4.1.8 vaccination Flashcards
define active immunity
when immune system is activated & manfactures own anitbodies
define artificial immunity
immunity that’s achieved by medical intervention
define epidemic
rapid spread of disease through high proportion of population
define natural immunity
immunity achieved through normal life processes
define passive immunity
immunity achieved when antibodies passed to individual by breast feeding or injection
define vaccination
way of stimulating immune response so immunity is achieved
forms of antigenic material used in vaccines
- whole, live microorganisms (usually not as harmful as those that cause real disease) = must have very similar antigens, so antibodies produced will be effective against real pathogen
- harmless, attenuated version of pathogen
- dead pathogen
- preparation of antigens from pathogen
- toxoid (harmless version of toxin)
describe herd immunity
- using vaccine to provide immunity to all/almost all population at risk
- once enough are immune = disease cannot spread through population (‘herd immunity’)
- essential to vaccine most of population
describe ring vaccination
- used when new case of disease is reported
- vaccinate people in immediate vicinity of new case/s
- used in most parts if world to control spread of livestock disease
when can routine vaccination programmes be relaxed
when disease has been eradicated or reduced to such low incidence it’s unlikely to spread
why must threats from epidemic be monitored
- so new strains of pathogens can be identified
- enables health authorities to prepare for impending epidemic by stockpiling suitable vaccines & vaccinating people at the most risk from disease
vaccination programme for influenza
- people aged 65+ & with respiratory tract conditions at most risk
- people at risk are immunised to avoid a pandemic
- new versions of influenza vaccine have been developed as nasal spray
- strains of flu in immunisation programme change annually
describe natural active immunity
- immunity provided by antibodies made in immune system as result of infection
- person suffers from disease once & is then immune
describe artificial active immunity
- immunity provided by antibodies made in immune system due to vaccination
- person injected with weakened, dead or similar pathogen (or antigens) which activates their immune system
describe natural passive immunity
- antibodies provided via placenta/breast milk
- make baby immune to diseases that the mother is immune to
- very useful in first year of babies lives (immune system is developing)
describe artificial passive immunity
- immunity provided by injection of antibodies made by someone else
- tetanus can be treated this way when vaccination using toxoid hasn’t worked well
