4.1.6 the specific immune response

Question 1

define antibodies

Answer 1

specific proteins released by plasma cells which attach to pathogenic antigens

Question 2

define B memory cells

Answer 2

cells that remain in blood for long time providing long-term immunity

Question 3

define clonal expansion

Answer 3

increase in number of cells by mitotic cell division

Question 4

define interleukins

Answer 4

signalling molecules used to communicate between different white blood cells

Question 5

define plasma cells

Answer 5

derived from B lymphocytes & manufacture antibodies

Question 6

define T helper cells

Answer 6

cells that release signalling molecules to stimulate immune response

Question 7

define T killer cells

Answer 7

cells that attack & destroy our own body cells that are infected by pathogen

Question 8

define T memory cells

Answer 8

cells that remain in blood for long time, providing long-term immunity

Question 9

define T regulator cells

Answer 9

cells involved in inhibiting or ending immune response

Question 10

what cells do T lymphocytes develop & differentiate into

Answer 10

• T helper cells
• T killer cells
• T memory cells
• T regulator cells

Question 11

what cells do B lymphocytes develop & differentiate into

Answer 11

• plasma cells
• B memory cells

Question 12

what is cell communication achieved by

Answer 12

release of hormone-like chemicals called cytokines

Question 13

what must the target cell have in order to detect a signal

Answer 13

cell surface receptor complementary to the shape of the signalling molecule

Question 14

examples of cell communication using cytokines

Answer 14

• macrophages release monokines = some attract neutrophils by chemotaxis & others stimulate B cells to differentiate/release antibodies
• T cells & macrophages release interleukins = stimulate clonal expansion & differentiation of T/B cells
• many cells can release interferon = inhibits virus replication & stimulates activity of T killer cells

Question 15

when does an autoimmune disease arise

Answer 15

when antibodies begin attacking our own antigens

Question 16

examples of autoimmune diseases

Answer 16

• arthritis = painful inflammation of joints & begins with antibodies attacking membranes around the joint
• lupus = causes swelling/pain of any part of the body & may be associated with antibodies that attack certain proteins in nucleus of cells/affected tissues

Question 17

outline the steps of the specific immune response

Answer 17

1. macrophage engulfs pathogen during phagocytosis
2. macrophage presents antigens from pathogen on surface
3. T cell with specific receptors on plasma membrane detects antigens on macrophage & becomes activated
4. activates T killer & T helper cells (release cytokines = monkines & interleukins)
5. T helper cells & T killer cells proliferate
6. interleukins from T helper cell stimulates B cell which creates an antigen-antibody complex from pathogens antigens in body fluid
7. B cells proliferate
8. B cells differentiate into plasma cells (make antibodies) & B memory cells (remain in blood)
9. T helper cells differentiate into T memory cells (remain in blood) & T regulator cells (shut down immune response)