4.1.2 transmission of pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

define vector

A

organism that carries pathogen from one host to another

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2
Q

types of direct transmission between animals

A
  • direct physical contact
  • faecal-oral transmission
  • droplet infection
  • transmission by spores
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3
Q

describe direct physical contact & factors affecting the transmission

A

eg. touching infected individual, touching contained surfaces

factors affecting transmission:
- hygiene (eg. washing hands regularly, keeping surfaces clean, cleaning/disinfecting cuts or abrasions, disinfecting surgical equipment, use condoms during sexual intercourse)

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4
Q

describe faecal-oral transmission & factors affecting the transmission

A

eg. eating food/drink contaminated by pathogen

factors affecting transmission:
- using human sewage to fertilise crops
- treatment of waste water/drinking water
- wash all fresh food
- careful preparation/cooking of food

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5
Q

describe droplet infection & factors affecting the transmission

A

= pathogen carried by troy water droplet through air

factors affecting transmission:
- cover mouth when coughing/sneezing
- use tissue & dispose correctly

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6
Q

describe transmission by spores & factors affecting the transmission

A

= carried in air, reside on surfaces or in soil

factors affecting transmission:
- use mask
- wash skin after contact with soil

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7
Q

social factors which affect transmission

A
  • overcrowding
  • poor ventilation
  • poor health
  • poor diet
  • homelessness
  • living/working with people who’ve migrated from areas where disease is common
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8
Q

how are pathogens transmitted indirectly

A

by vector

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9
Q

how are plant pathogens spread directly

A
  • present in soil = infect plants by entering roots
  • fungi produce spores which may be carried in wind (airborne transmission)
  • when leaves shed the pathogens are distributed as return to the soil
  • pathogens can enter fruit/seeds = distributed with seeds (offspring infected)
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10
Q

how are plant pathogens spread indirectly

A

= insect attack
- spores/bacteria become attached to burrowing insect (eg. beetle) when it attacks infected plant
- when insect attacks another plant, pathogen transmitted
- insect acts as a vector

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11
Q

why are protoctists, bacteria & fungi more common in warm/moist conditions

A

can grow/reproduce more rapidly

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