4.1.1 Humoral Response (specific) Process Flashcards
Stage one?
Surface antigens on invading pathogens are taken up the B cells (clonal selection)
How are surface receptors formed?
Through genetic mutation
Stage two?
B cells process antigens and present them on their surfaces- antigen presenting cell (APC)
Stage three?
T-Helper cells attach to the processed antigens on the B cell to cause them to multiply
Clonal expansion?
Uses mitotic cell division to increase the number of B lymphocytes with the same antibody
Stage 4?
B cells are divided into two types of cells- plasma cells and memory cells
Plasma cells?
Secrete antibodies to destroy the pathogen and associated toxins (primary immune response)
Memory cells?
Circulate in the blood, living longer than plasma cells (long term immunity), and divide rapidly if they encounter a pathogen (secondary immune response)
What are antibodies made up of?
Four polypeptide chains, quaternary proteins
Clonal expansion?
Mitotic cell division used to increase the number of activated B-lymphocyte cells (with the same receptor)
T and B cells…
Do not do phagocytosis
T helper cells…
Release interleukins (specific type of cytokine); stimulate other T cells to differentiate; stimulate B cells to develop and mature;
T killer cells (cytotoxic cells)…
Complementary to the antigens brought by the infected cells; bind to infected cells and release perforin, which makes the cell membrane more permeable to kill the cell
T memory cells…
Stay in the body for a long time after infection; immunological memory
T regulatory cells…
Help the body to recognise when it is no longer infected; makes sure the immune system does not attack own / somatic cells
