4.1.1 Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry

Question 1

General formula

Answer 1

the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series e.g. for an alkane: CnH2n+2

Question 2

Structural formula

Answer 2

the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule e.g. for butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

Question 3

Displayed formula

Answer 3

the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

Question 4

Skeletal formula

Answer 4

the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

Question 5

Homologous series

Answer 5

a series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

Question 6

Functional group

Answer 6

a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
- alkyl group: of formula CnH2n+1

Question 7

aliphatic

Answer 7

a compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings

Question 8

Alicyclic

Answer 8

an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

Question 9

Aromatic

Answer 9

a compound containing a benzene ring

Question 10

Saturated

Answer 10

single carbon–carbon bonds only

Question 11

Unsaturated

Answer 11

the presence of multiple carbon–carbon bonds, including C=C, C/C and aromatic rings

Question 12

Structural isomers

Answer 12

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

Question 13

homolytic fission

Answer 13

each bonding atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals

Question 14

Heterolytic fission

Answer 14

one bonding atom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair