4.1.1 Basic concepts of organic chemistry

Question 1

Define aliphatic

Answer 1

-unbranched or branched chains
-non-aromatic rings

Question 2

Define alicyclic

Answer 2

joined in ring structures (with or without branches)

Question 3

Define aromatic

Answer 3

some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring

Question 4

Define molecular formula

Answer 4

shows the number and type of each atom present in a molecule (does not show how the atoms are joined)

Question 5

Define empirical formula

Answer 5

simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

Question 6

Define general formula

Answer 6

simplest algebraic formuma for a member of a homologous series

Question 7

Define displayed formula

Answer 7

shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

Question 8

Define structural formula

Answer 8

shows the arrangement of atoms with minimal detail (carbon by carbon)

Question 9

Define skeletal formula

Answer 9

shows just the carbon skeleton and functional groups

Question 10

Define homologous series

Answer 10

group of organic compounds with the same functional group and general formula

Question 11

Define structural isomer

Answer 11

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae (atoms are connected in different ways)

Question 12

Define chain isomer

Answer 12

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton
-similar chemical properties but differne physical properties

Question 13

Define positional isomer

Answer 13

functional group is attached to a different carbon atom
-different physical and chemical properties

Question 14

Define functional group isomers

Answer 14

same atoms arranged into different functional groups
-very different physical and chemical properties

Question 15

Define homolytic fission

Define radical

Answer 15

• covalent bond breaks
• each bonded atom takes one of the shared pair of electrons
• each atom now has a** single unpaired electron - radical**

an atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron

Question 16

Define heterolytic fission

Answer 16

• covalent bond breaks
• one** bonded atom takes both of the electrons**
• that atom becomes a negative ion and the other atom becomes a positive ion

Question 17

What do curly arrows show in organic reaction mechanisms?

Answer 17

the movement of electron pairs when bonds are broken or made

Question 18

Define addition, substitution and elimination

Answer 18

Addition - two reactants join to form one product
Substitution - atom is replaced by another atom or group of atoms
Elimination - removal of a small molecule from a larger one to form two products