[4.1] Left realism Flashcards

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1
Q

Which two factors did left realism develop in response to?

A

The need to take the rising crime rate seriously and the influence of right realism on government policy.

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2
Q

How do left realists see society?

A

As an unequal, capitalist one.

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3
Q

Are left realists reformist or revolutionary?

A

Reformist.

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4
Q

How do left realists accuse others of not taking crime seriously;
Traditional Marxists?
Neo-Marxists?
Labelling theorists?

A
Traditional Marxists - neglect working class crime.
Neo-Marxists - romanticise working class criminals.
Labelling theorists - criminals are seen as victims.
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5
Q

What does Young (1997) argue has created an aetiological crisis for theories of crime?

A

A real increase in crime rates since the 1950s.

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6
Q

Who is more affected by crime and why?

A

Disadvantaged groups, because they have a greater risk of becoming victims and therefore have greater fear of crime.

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7
Q

What the three causes of crime that Lea and Young (1984) identify?

A

Relative deprivation, subculture and marginalisation.

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8
Q

What is relative deprivation?

A

How deprived someone feels in relation to others, or in relation to their own expectations.

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9
Q

What is a subculture?

A

A group which is a collective solution to the problem of relative deprivation, the groups turn to crime to solve their deprivation problem.

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10
Q

What is marginalisation?

A

Where a group is excluded or pushed to the side, these groups lack clear goals and organisations to represent their interests.

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11
Q

What does Young (2002) argue that we are now living in, and what is it characterised by?

A

Late modernity, it is characterised by instability, insecurity and exclusion.

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12
Q

What has increased unemployment and poverty since the 1970s?

A

De-industrialisation and the loss of unskilled manual jobs.

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13
Q

What has created relative deprivation?

A

Greater inequality between the rich and poor, and the spread of free market values which encourage individualism.

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14
Q

What is there a growing contrast between?

A

Cultural inclusion or economic exclusion.

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15
Q

What does media-saturated late modern society promote?

A

Cultural inclusion.

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16
Q

How are expectations for the good life promoted?

A

An emphasis on leisure activities.

17
Q

Who are systematically excluded from opportunities?

A

The poor.

18
Q

How is there relative deprivation downwards?

A

The hard-working middle class resent the unemployed lower class who live off the welfare state.

19
Q

Which type of crime has there also been an increase in?

A

Hate crime.

20
Q

What has happened to the boundary between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour?

A

It has become blurred.

21
Q

How do left realists argue we should tackle crime?

A

We must improve policing and control, and deal with the deeper and structural causes of crime.

22
Q

What do Kinsey, Lea and Young (1986) argue that police spend too little time doing?

A

Investigating crime, they argue the public must become involved in determining the police’s priorities and style of policing.

23
Q

What is the result of the police losing support?

A

Communities are alienated, as the police use stop and search procedures to catch criminals since the public don’t report crime as much.

24
Q

Who should the police be made accountable to?

A

The local community.

25
Q

Which structural causes of crime need to be dealt with?

A

Inequality of opportunity and unfairness of rewards, discrimination, unemployment and improvement of council facilities.

26
Q

Evaluate left realism in three points.

A
  1. Fails to explain corporate crime.
  2. Can’t explain motives of offenders.
  3. Assume that value consensus exists.