[1.1] Merton's strain theory Flashcards
What do strain theories argue?
They argue that people engage in deviant behaviour when they are unable to achieve socially approved goals by legitimate means.
Who developed the first strain theory?
Merton (1938).
Which elements does Merton’s explanation combine?
Structural factors and cultural factors.
What does Merton mean by the term ‘structural factors’?
Society’s unequal opportunity structure.
What does Merton mean by the term ‘cultural factors’?
The strong emphasis on success goals and the weaker emphasis on using legitimate means to achieve them.
What is deviance a result of strain between?
The goals that culture encourages and the allowances of the institutional structure of society.
How are Americans expected to pursue the ‘American dream’?
Through legitimate means using discipline, study and educational qualifications.
What does the American dream ideology teach the American citizens?
It teaches them that society is meritocratic and that anyone who makes the effort can succeed.
What is the reality of life in America?
Many groups are denied legitimate opportunities to succeed.
What does the strain between the cultural goals of money and success and the lack of legitimate opportunities create?
Frustration, resulting in pressure to resort to illegitimate means.
What are not strong enough to prevent deviant behaviour?
The norms and values of society.
What does Merton argue with regards to an individual’s position in the social structure?
The position of an individual affects how they will adapt and respond to the strain of anomie.
What are the five different types of adaptation?
Conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion.
What is conformity?
Where individuals accept the norms.
What is innovation?
Where individuals use ‘new’ illegitimate means to meet goals.
