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A LEVEL CHEMISTRY > 4.1 definitions > Flashcards

4.1 definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

alicyclic

A

an aliphatic compound that is arranged in non-aromatic rings (with or without side chains).

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2
Q

aliphatic

A

a compound containing carbon and hydrogen atoms joined in straight or branched chains or in non-aromatic rings.

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3
Q

alkane

A

a homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+2

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4
Q

alkyl

A

a group with the general formula CnH2n+1

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5
Q

aromatic

A

an organic compound containing a benzene ring.

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6
Q

curly arrow

A

shows the movement of a pair of electrons. Curly arrows must start from a bond, a lone pair of electrons or a negative change.

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7
Q

dipole

A

a partial charge on an atom which is caused by the differing electronegativities of atoms in a covalent bond.

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8
Q

displayed formula

A

the relative positions of atoms and the bonds between them.

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9
Q

empirical formula

A

the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.

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10
Q

functional group

A

group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound,

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11
Q

general formula

A

the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.

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12
Q

general formula

A

the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.

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13
Q

heterolytic fission

A

when a covalent bond breaks, one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair.

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14
Q

homologous series

A

a series of organic compounds containing the same functional group with successive members differing by -CH2

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15
Q

homolytic fission

A

when a covalent bond breaks, each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonding pair, forming 2 radicals.

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16
Q

IUPAC

A

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

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17
Q

IUPAC

A

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

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18
Q

molecular formula

A

the number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule.

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19
Q

nomenclature

A

the naming systems for compounds

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20
Q

organic compound

A

a carbon-containing compound

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21
Q

radical

A

a species with an unpaired electron

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22
Q

reaction mechanism

A

series of steps that represent the overall reaction by showing the breaking and forming of bonds using curly arrows.

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23
Q

saturated

A

an organic compound which only contains C-C single bonds.

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24
Q

skeletal formula

A

the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving the carbon skeleton and the functional groups.

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25
Q

structural formula

A

the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

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26
Q

structural isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

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27
Q

unsaturated

A

an organic compound which contains at least one C=C double bond, a C=C triple bond or an aromatic ring.

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28
Q

sigma bond

A

a type of covalent bond which forms when atomic orbitals overlap head-on. Sigma bonds can rotate freely.

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29
Q

alkane

A

a homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+2

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30
Q

boiling point

A

the temperature at which a liquid boils and becomes a gas. Shorter, more branched alkanes have higher boiling points as there are weaker London forces between the molecules which require less energy to overcome.

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31
Q

bond enthalpy

A

the energy required to break one mole of gaseous bonds. Actual bond enthalpies may differ from the average as the average bond enthalpy considers a particular bond in a range of molecules.

32
Q

complete combustión

A

when a compound is burnt in a plentiful supply of oxygen. When alkanes are completely combusted, the only products are water and carbon dioxide.

33
Q

covalent bond

A

a strong bond formed between 2 atoms due to the electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the atomic nuclei.

34
Q

electron pair repulsion

A

pairs of electrons around a nucleus repel each other so the shape that a molecule adopts has these pairs of electrons positioned as far apart as possible. As a result, carbon atoms in alkanes have a tetrahedral shape and a bond angle of 109.5°.

35
Q

homolytic fission

A

when a covalent bond breaks, each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonding pair, forming 2 radicals.

36
Q

hydrocarbon

A

a compound which contains hydrogen and carbon atoms only.

37
Q

incomplete combustion

A

when a compound is burnt in a limited supply of oxygen. When alkanes are incompletely combusted, water, carbon monoxide, particulates and some carbon dioxide may be produced.

38
Q

initiation

A

the first step in a radical substitution mechanism, involving the formation of the radicals.

39
Q

london forces

A

induced dipole-dipole interactions caused when the random movement of electrons creates a temporary dipole in one molecule which then induces a dipole in a neighbouring molecule.

40
Q

polar bond

A

a covalent bond that has a permanent dipole due to the different electronegativities of the atoms that make up the bond.

41
Q

propagation

A

the intermediate steps in a radical substitution mechanism where a radical reacts with another species.

42
Q

radical

A

a species with an unpaired electron,

43
Q

radical substitution

A

a type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces another atom/ group of atoms in a compound. Alkanes can undergo radical substitution reactions with chlorine or bromine in the presence of UV light, forming a mixture of organic products (further substitution or reactions at different positions may occur).

44
Q

saturated

A

an organic compound which only contains single C-C bonds.

45
Q

termination

A

the final steps in a radical substitution mechanism in which 2 radicals react together to form a species which only contains paired electrons.

46
Q

tetrahedral

A

the shape of a molecule in which the central atom has 4 bonding pairs of electrons.

47
Q

sigma bond

A

a type of covalent bond which forms when atomic orbitals overlap head-on. Sigma bonds can rotate freely.

48
Q

pi bond

A

a type of covalent bond formed when adjacent p orbitals overlap sideways above and below the bonding C atoms. Pi (m) bonds can’t be rotated. As r-bonds have low bond enthalpy, alkenes are more reactive than alkanes.

49
Q

addition polymerisation

A

the formation of a long chain molecule when many monomers join together (the polymer is the only product).

50
Q

addition reaction

A

a reaction in which molecules combine to form a single product.

51
Q

alkene

A

an organic compound containing at least one C=C double bond.

52
Q

biodegradable

A

a substance that can be decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms.

53
Q

biodegradable

A

a substance that can be decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms.

54
Q

bond enthalpy

A

the energy required to break one mole of gaseous bonds. Actual bond enthalpies may differ from the average as the average bond enthalpy considers a particular bond in a range of molecules.

55
Q

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) Priority Rules:

A

a set of rules used to identify whether a stereoisomer is E or Z. Atoms with a higher atomic number have a higher priority.

56
Q

catalyst

A

a substance which increases the rate of a reaction without being used up.

57
Q

Cis-Trans Isomerism:

A

a type of E/Z isomerism in which the two substituent groups attached to the cabon atoms are the same.

58
Q

covalent bond

A

a strong bond formed between 2 atoms due to the electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the atomic nuclei.

59
Q

electron pair repulsion

A

pairs of electrons around a nucleus repel each other so the shape that a molecule adopts has these pairs of electrons positioned as far apart as possible. As a result, carbon atoms in alkenes have a trigonal planar shape and a bond angle of 120°.

60
Q

electrophile

A

an electron pair acceptor

61
Q

electrophilic addition

A

a reaction in which a iT bond is broken and 2 new & bonds form as a result of the addition of an electron pair acceptor (electrophile).

62
Q

E/Z isomerism

A

a type of stereoisomerism caused by the restricted rotation of iT bonds. Two different groups must be attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group.

63
Q

heterolytic fission

A

when a covalent bond breaks, one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonding pair, resulting in the formation of oppositely charged ions.

64
Q

hydrocarbon

A

a compound which contains carbon and hydrogen atoms only.

65
Q

Markownikoff’s Rule:

A

used to predict what the major product of an addition reaction will be when H-X is added to an unsymmetrical alkene. H attaches to the less substituted carbon to generate the more stable carbocation intermediate.

66
Q

monomer

A

a small molecule that is used to form polymers.

67
Q

photodegradable

A

a substance that can be broken down by light.

68
Q

polymer

A

a large molecule made from many small units that have been bonded together.

69
Q

primary carbocation

A

a molecule in which the carbon with the positive charge is only attached to one alkyl group. This is the least stable carbocation.

70
Q

repeat unit

A

a structure within a polymer that appears over and over again. Joining many repeat units together would form the polymer.

71
Q

repeat unit

A

a structure within a polymer that appears over and over again. Joining many repeat units together would form the polymer.

72
Q

secondary carbocation

A

a molecule in which the carbon with the positive charge is attached to two alkyl groups. This is more stable than a primary carbocation but less stable than a tertiary carbocation.

73
Q

stereoisomers

A

compounds with the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space.

74
Q

structural formula

A

the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

75
Q

tertiary carbocation

A

a molecule in which the carbon with the positive charge is attached to three alkyl groups. This is the most stable type of carbocation.

76
Q

trigonal planar

A

the shape of a molecule in which the central atom has 3 bonding pairs of electrons.

77
Q

unsaturated

A

an organic compound containing at least one C=C double bond, a C=C triple bond or an aromatic ring. The presence of a C=C double bond means that bromine water will be decolourised.

A LEVEL CHEMISTRY (8 decks)

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