4.1 communicable diseases Flashcards
1
Q
What are the types of primary responses
A
- lysozymes (tears)
- cilia and mucous membranes
- skin
- expulsive reflexs
- ear wax
- stomach acid
- blood clotting
2
Q
Types of expulsive reflexes
A
- coughing
- sneezing
- vomiting
- diarrhea
3
Q
Why are primary defences non-specific
A
they act the same towards all pathogens
4
Q
Why is it important that blood clots do not form in the blood vessels
A
it would reduce the blood flow around the body, this reduces oxygen to the site
5
Q
Role of a neutrophils
A
- multi-lobed nucleus which allows them to change shape
- short lived
- large numbers are released during infections
- move around actively and leave the blood
- mini
6
Q
Role of macrophages
A
- travel in the blood as monocytes (unactive form)
- long lived
- initiate immune response
- antigen cell presenting
- line passages and alveolar walls
- big
7
Q
Stages in phagocytosis
A
- chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte (opsonin)
- ingestion of microbe (endocytosis)
- formation of a phagosome (vesicle)
- fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome to make a PHAGOLYSOSOME
- digestion of ingested microbe
- formation of residual body
- discharge of waste through exocytosis
8
Q
Definition of opsonins
A
proteins that can bind to the antigen on a pathogen which allows phagoctyes to bind to the pathogen and engulf it
9
Q
What is a major histocompability complex (MHC)
A
when the macrophage has digested a pathogen and combines the antigens from the pathogen with special gyloproteins in the cytoplasm
10
Q
Types of bacterial disease
A
- bacterial meningitis
- tuberculosis
- ring rot
11
Q
Types of viral disease
A
- HIV/AIDS
- influenza
- TMV(tobacco mosaic virus)
12
Q
Types of protoctisa disease
A
- malaria
- potato blight
13
Q
Types of fungal diseases
A
- black sigatoka
- ringworm
- athlete’s foot
14
Q
What is tuberculosis caused by
A
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M.bovis
15
Q
Side effects of tuberculosis
A
- damaging lung tissue
- supressing the immune system
- chronic cough
16
Q
How is tuberculosis spread
A
through the air - coughing/sneezing
17
Q
What is bacterial meningitis caused by
A
Neisseria meningitidis
18
Q
Side effects of bacterial mengingitis
A
- inflammation to the brain
- fever
- headache
- septicaemia
19
Q
How is bacterial meningitis spread
A
through the air
20
Q
Side effects of ring rot
A
- prevents water transport
21
Q
How does ring rot spread
A
vascular infection of daughter tubes
22
Q
Characteristics of viruses
A
- non-living and acellular
- consists of genetic material, capsid and attachment proteins
- replication occurs inside the host cell
23
Q
Side effects of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
A
- chills
- rash
- night sweats
24
Q
How is HIV spread
A
through sharing bodily fluids ie. blood
25
Side effects of influenza
* high temperature
* headache
26
How is influenza spread
through the air - coughing/sneezing
27
Side effects of TMV
* mosaic pattern
* stunting growth
* yellow spotting
28
Characteristics of a protista
* eukaryotic
* single-celled
* pathogenic protists are called parasistes (transmitted by a vector)
28
How is TMV spread
* contaminated tools/hands
* infected leaf rubbing against healthy leaf
29
What is malaria caused by
plasmodium
(spread by female mosquitos)
30
Side effects of malaria
* yellow skin
* diarrhea
* sore throat
31
How is potato blight spread
spores break away from the plant and are blown away
32
Characteristics of fungi
* eukaryotes
* either multi-cellular or single- cellular
* release enzymes that digest the host tissue
33
What does black sigatoka infect
bananas
34
Side effects of black sigatoka
* leaves turn black
* photosynthesis is stopped
35
How is black sigatoka spread
* wind borne spores
36
Side effects of ring worm
white crusty circle on the skin
37
How is ring worm spread
contact with infected organism
38
Side effects of athletes foot
white patches and cracked skin, normally between toes
39
How is ring worm
spread
contact with infected skin
40
Characteristics of bacteria
* prokaryotic
* classified by their shape or cell wall structure
* either gram-positive or gram-negative
41
Plant response
* anitbacterial chemicals - repel and kill pathogens
* physical defences - prevent pathogens from spreading
42
Where are B lymphocytes made and matured
both made and matured in the bone marrow
43
Where are T lymphocytes made and matured
made : bone marrow
matured : thymus
44
Role of B plasma cells
release specific antibodies
45
Role of B memory cells
immunological memory
46
Role of T helper cells
* release cytokines which stimulates B cells to develop
* stimulates phagocytosis
47
Role of T killer cells
* attack and kill infected host body ells which display the foreign antigen
* releases perforin
48
Role of T memory cells
immunological memory
49
Role of T regulator cells
* shut down immune response
* prevent autoimmunity
50
Process of cell mediated immunity
1. either the antigen is displayed on a macrophage APC or pathogen inside an infected cell
2. T helper cell is complementary to the antigen and it binds using receptors on the cell surface
3. The binding is called CLONAL SELECTION
4. This triggers the T helper cell to release interleukins triggering clonal expansion of B + T cells through differentiation and proliferation
51
Process of humoral immunity
1. Pathogen is detected by B cells in bodily fluid
2. B cell displays antibodies on their cell surface membrane
3. B cell binds to complementary antigen
4. T helper cell binds to complementary B cell antigen
5. T helper cell releases interleukin which causes CLONAL EXPANSION = differentiation and proliferation
6. B cell divides into B plasma and B memory cells
52
What is natural active immunity
immunity provided by antibodies made in the immune system as a result of infection
( example: chicken pox)
53
What is natural passive immunity
antibodies provided via the placenta or breast milk
54
What is artifical active immunity
antibodies provided after a vaccination
(example: influenza)
55
What is artifical passive immunity
antibodies provided by injection made by another individual
(example: tetanus)
56
What are the two types of vaccines
* Herd = provide immunity to everyone at risk
* Ring = new case of disease is reported
57
Definition of vaccination
weakened or dead pathogen that is injected to trigger the production of antibodies to a specific disease
58
Antibody structure
* made up of 2 long polypetide chains (heavy) and 2 short polypeptide chains (light)
* chains held together by disulphide bonds (difficult to denature during fever)
* rest of molecule is called the CONSTANT region
* anitgen binding site is called VARIABLE region
59
What is aggultination
* one antibody can bind to two pathogens causing them to clump together
* pathogens can be engulfed at once
60
What is antibody opsonisation
* process where the pathogen is makred for engulfing and digestion by phagocyte
* forms an antibody-antigen complex
61
What is neutralisation
* anitbodies can act as antitoxins
* these bind to the pathogen or to the toxin in pathogens
* render pathogens harmless
