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Biology > 2.3 nucleotides > Flashcards

2.3 nucleotides Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Adenine pair with?

A

Thymine / Uracil

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2
Q

What does guanine pair with?

A

cytosine

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3
Q

What bond does C + G bases have ?

A

triple hydrogen bond

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4
Q

What bond does A + T bases have?

A

double hydrogen bond

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5
Q

What bond joins the sugar and bases together

A

glycosidic bond

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6
Q

3 theories of DNA replication

A
  1. conservative (kept the same strand)
  2. semi-conservative (new strand with old strand)
  3. dispersive (cut up DNA strands randomly put back together)
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7
Q

What type of bases are adenine and guanine

A

purine (2 ring structure)

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8
Q

What type of bases are uracil, cytosine and thymine

A

pyrimidine (1 ring structure)

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9
Q

What is the condensation reaction between the two nucleotides

A

phosphodiester bond

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10
Q

What is the DNA enzyme polymerase responsible for ?

A
  • joining free nucleotides to the 2 exposed template strand by complementary base pairing
  • catalyses condensation reactions of the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the deoxyribose and phosphate group - creating a new backbone of a strand
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11
Q

What is the DNA enzyme helicase responsible for?

A
  • breaking the hyrodgen bonds between the bases
  • unwinding and unzipping the DNA
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12
Q

What is the DNA enzyme ligase responsible for?

A
  • joining okazaki fragments together
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13
Q

What is a DNA molecule made up of?

A
  • two polynucleotide strands that run anti-parallel to each other (one is 3’ to 5’ and the other is 5’ to 3’)
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14
Q

How does DNA replicate

A

semi-conservatively

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15
Q

When does DNA replication occur during the cell cycle

A

S phase (interphase)

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16
Q

What are the types of mutation

A
  • deletion
  • substitution
  • insertion
17
Q

Where does transcription occur

A

in the nucleus of a cell

18
Q

Where does translation occur

A

in the cytoplasm of a cell

19
Q

What happens during transcription

A
  1. helicase unzips the DNA
  2. one strand acts as the template strand and a complimentary single strand of mRNA pairs up via hydrogen bonds on the template strand
  3. this should be a copy of the coding strand but thymine is uracil
  4. once transcribed the mRNA leaves the nucleus via the nuclear pore and the double helix re-forms
20
Q

What happens during translation

A
  1. the mRNA attaches itself to a ribosome
  2. free molecules of tRNA in the cytoplasm bind to a specific amino acid at their anticodon site
  3. tRNA moves to the mRNA where only two codons can fit into a ribosome at once
  4. an activated tRNA molecule with the correct anticodon binds to the codon
  5. a second specific tRNA molecule binds to the mRNA codon and a peptide bond forms between the amino acids
  6. the first amino acid detaches from the tRNA and leaves the ribosome (becomes deactivated and collects a new amino acid)
  7. the process continues until a stop codon is reached
  8. forms a primary structur of a protein
21
Q

Which direction does the mRNA molecule grow

A

5’ to 3’ so binds to the 3’ to 5’ strand (template strand)

22
Q

Why DNA code degenerate?

A
  • only 20 amino acids but 64 codons
  • many codons that can attach to one amino acid
23
Q

Why is DNA code non-overlapping

A
  • code is read in codons ie 1,2,3 then 4,5,6
24
Q

Define semi-conservative replication

A
  • replication is increasing the number of DNA strands
  • semi-conservative means a new daughter molecule strand is created and an existing parent strand is conserved
25
Q

What is the importance of semi-conservative replication in the production of new cells

A

to make genetically identical daughter strands to have the same function

26
Q

In Meselson and Stahl’s experiment at generation 2 what should test tube show for semi-conservative replication

A

a band at the top of lighter nitrgoen and a band in the middle of both

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