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Biology > 2.2 biological molecules > Flashcards

2.2 biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

How are two water molecules bonded?

A

hydrogen bond by condensation reaction

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2
Q

Is oxygen negative or positive

A

slightly negative

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3
Q

Is hydrogen negative or positive

A

slightly positive

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4
Q

What type of molecule is water

A

dipolar molecule

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5
Q

Key features of water

A
  • solvent
  • high specific heat capacity
  • metabolic
  • strong cohesion
  • large latent heat of vaporisation
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6
Q

Solvent

A
  • allows transport round the animal/plant = xylem or blood plasma
  • used for respiration in organisms
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7
Q

High specific heat capacity

A
  • lot of energy required to raise the temperature of cell
  • means that temperature remains constant so enzymes do not denature
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8
Q

large latent heat of vaporisation

A
  • takes lots of heat energy to evaporate water
  • so organisms can cool down without loosing lots of water
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9
Q

Metabolite

A
  • involved in photosynthesis, condensation, hydrolysis
  • 90% plasma made of water
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10
Q

Strong cohesion

A
  • water molecule ‘sticking’ together
  • allows contious column of water up the xylem = easier to draw a column than individual molecules
  • provides surface tension so allows small invertebrates to live on surface providing a habitat
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11
Q

10 inorganic ions

A
  1. calcium
  2. phosphate
  3. chloride
  4. hydrogencarbonate
  5. hydrogen
  6. hydroxide
  7. nitrate
  8. sodium
  9. potassium
  10. ammonium
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12
Q

What do calcium ions help to do

A

regulate transmission of impulses
regulate protein channels
formation of blood clots

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13
Q

What do phosphate ions help to do

A

component of the cell membrane
component of bone
component of ATP and nucleic acid

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14
Q

What do nitrate ions help to do

A

required for growth and repair
provide source of nitrogen for protein synthesis

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15
Q

What do hydroxide ions help to do

A

role in bonding between biological molecules
DNA base pairing

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16
Q

What do potassium ions help to do

A

nerve transmisson
reabsorption of water in the kidneys
open the stomata

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17
Q

What do sodium ions help to do

A

transport of glucose and amino acids across cell surface membrane
transmission of nerve impulses

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18
Q

What do ammoninum ions help to do

A

deamination of amino acids in the liver and kidneys

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19
Q

What do chloride ions help to do

A

maintaining pH balance during carbon dioxide transport

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20
Q

What do hydrogencarbonate ions help to do

A

carbon dioxide transport in blood

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21
Q

What do hydrogen ions help to do

A

hydrogen bonding
control of pH
transport of carbon dioxide
ATP formation

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22
Q

What type of molecule is starch

A

storage

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23
Q

What bond does amylose have

A

alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond
straight chain

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24
Q

What bond does amylopectin have

A

alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond = monomer
alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond = branches

25
Q

Function of starch

A

easily hydrolised into soluable sugars
compact
insoluable so no osmotic effect
not involved in chemical reactions

26
Q

What bond does glycogen have

A

alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond and alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond

27
Q

Is glycogen a storage molecule in animals or plants

A

animals

28
Q

Is starch a storage molecule in animals or plants

A

plants

29
Q

What bond does cellulose have

A

beta 1-4 glycosidic bond

30
Q

Structure of cellulose

A

alternate molecules inveretd by 180 degrees

31
Q

What are the bonds between each beta glucose molecule

A

hydrogen bonds

32
Q

Structure of triclyceride

A

glycerol head
3 fatty acid tails = hydrophobic

33
Q

What bond do lipids form

A

ester bond by condensation reaction

34
Q

What is a saturated lipid

A

single covalent bond
solid at room temperature
pack closely together

35
Q

What is an unsaturated lipid

A

double bond
oil at room temperature
kink in chain so don’t pack closely together

36
Q

What organelles are in an animal cell ?

A
  • cytoplasm
  • centriole
  • cytoplasm
  • mitochondria
  • lysosome
  • cilia
  • nuclear envelope
  • nucleus ( nucleolus )
  • SER
  • RER
  • ribosome
  • golgi apparatus
  • cell surface membrane
  • cytoskeleton
37
Q

What organelles are in a plant cell?

A
  • golgi apparatus
  • chloroplast
  • lysosome
  • vacuole
  • SER
  • RER
  • mitochondria
  • nucleus (nucleolus)
  • nuclear envelope
  • cellulose cell wall
  • cell surface membrane
  • cytoskeleton
38
Q

What structures are in a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • flagellum
  • circular DNA
  • large genetic material
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes (70s)
  • cell surface membrane
  • plasma membrane
  • capsule
  • mesosome (aerobic respiration)
  • pili
39
Q

Describe a light microscope

A

uses light as a form of image
light passes through/reflects on the surface
living and non-living things

40
Q

Describe a transmission electron microscope

A

uses electrons to form an image
electrons transmitted through to see internal structures
only dead or non-living

41
Q

Describe a scanning electron microscope

A

uses electrons as a form of image ( can be 3D)
electrons are reflected
only dead or non-living

42
Q

Laser scanning microscope

A

uses a laser beam to scan an objecct to create a 3D image of the reflected photons

43
Q

Magnification/ resolution of light microscope

A

useful magnification x1500
max magnification x 2000
resolution 200 nm (0.2 um)

44
Q

Magnification/ resolution of transmission electron microscope

A

magnification x 1,000,000
resolution 0.2 nm

45
Q

Magnification/resolution of scanning electron microscope

A

magnification x 1,000,000
resolution 3-20 nm

46
Q

Disadvantages of TEM’s

A

only used with thin specimens
cannot observe live specimens
don’t produce a colour image

47
Q

Disadvantage of LSCM’s

A

can cause photodamage to the cells
slow process

48
Q

Disadvantages of SEM’s

A

lower resolution of TEM’s
cannot observe live specimen
don’t produce a colour image

49
Q

Definition of magnification

A

how many times bigger the image is than the real life object

50
Q

Define resolution

A

ability to distinguish between objects that are close to each other
how clear the image is

51
Q

Why is staining important

A

makes cells more visible
increase contrast
identify cell components

52
Q

Production stages of making proteins

A
  1. nucleus stores DNA which is copied to make mRNA for the process of transcription
  2. this leaves through the nuclear envelope pore and attaches to the ribosome on the RER
  3. the ribosome reads the genetic code through translocation and synthesises a protein
  4. RER processes protein
  5. golgi body modifies the protein and creates a secretory vesicle
  6. protein fuses with cell surface membrane by exocytosis
53
Q

Role of cytoskeleton

A
  1. provides mechanical strength
  2. intracellular movement (within the cell) aids cells with tracks to move along
  3. cellular movement via cilia or flagella
54
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made up of

A
  • microfilaments : movement of cells by moving against each other
  • microtubules : organelles moved along the fibres using ATP
55
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell wall made from ?

A

peptidoglycan

56
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell wall made from?

A

cellulose / chitin / lignin

57
Q

Method of reducing sugar test

A
  1. add benedicts reagant to a test tube sample
  2. heat in water bath above 75 degrees
  3. if a reducing sugar is present a brick red coloured preciptate will have formed
58
Q

Method for non-reducing sugars (sucrose)

A
  1. add dilute hydrochloric acid to sample and heat in water bath until boil
  2. add sodium hydrogencarbonate to neutralise the solution
  3. use pH indicator paper to see if it has been neuatralised (will be green)
  4. add benedicts reagant and heat
  5. if brick red coloured preciptate is present then positive test

Biology (12 decks)

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