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2.2 biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

How are two water molecules bonded?

A

hydrogen bond by condensation reaction

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2
Q

Is oxygen negative or positive

A

slightly negative

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3
Q

Is hydrogen negative or positive

A

slightly positive

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4
Q

What type of molecule is water

A

dipolar molecule

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5
Q

Key features of water

A
  • solvent
  • high specific heat capacity
  • metabolic
  • strong cohesion
  • large latent heat of vaporisation
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6
Q

Solvent

A
  • allows transport round the animal/plant = xylem or blood plasma
  • used for respiration in organisms
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7
Q

High specific heat capacity

A
  • lot of energy required to raise the temperature of cell
  • means that temperature remains constant so enzymes do not denature
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8
Q

large latent heat of vaporisation

A
  • takes lots of heat energy to evaporate water
  • so organisms can cool down without loosing lots of water
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9
Q

Metabolite

A
  • involved in photosynthesis, condensation, hydrolysis
  • 90% plasma made of water
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10
Q

Strong cohesion

A
  • water molecule ‘sticking’ together
  • allows contious column of water up the xylem = easier to draw a column than individual molecules
  • provides surface tension so allows small invertebrates to live on surface providing a habitat
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11
Q

10 inorganic ions

A
  1. calcium
  2. phosphate
  3. chloride
  4. hydrogencarbonate
  5. hydrogen
  6. hydroxide
  7. nitrate
  8. sodium
  9. potassium
  10. ammonium
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12
Q

What do calcium ions help to do

A

regulate transmission of impulses
regulate protein channels
formation of blood clots

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13
Q

What do phosphate ions help to do

A

component of the cell membrane
component of bone
component of ATP and nucleic acid

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14
Q

What do nitrate ions help to do

A

required for growth and repair
provide source of nitrogen for protein synthesis

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15
Q

What do hydroxide ions help to do

A

role in bonding between biological molecules
DNA base pairing

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16
Q

What do potassium ions help to do

A

nerve transmisson
reabsorption of water in the kidneys
open the stomata

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17
Q

What do sodium ions help to do

A

transport of glucose and amino acids across cell surface membrane
transmission of nerve impulses

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18
Q

What do ammoninum ions help to do

A

deamination of amino acids in the liver and kidneys

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19
Q

What do chloride ions help to do

A

maintaining pH balance during carbon dioxide transport

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20
Q

What do hydrogencarbonate ions help to do

A

carbon dioxide transport in blood

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21
Q

What do hydrogen ions help to do

A

hydrogen bonding
control of pH
transport of carbon dioxide
ATP formation

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22
Q

What type of molecule is starch

A

storage

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23
Q

What bond does amylose have

A

alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond
straight chain

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24
Q

What bond does amylopectin have

A

alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond = monomer
alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond = branches

25
Function of starch
easily hydrolised into soluable sugars compact insoluable so no osmotic effect not involved in chemical reactions
26
What bond does glycogen have
alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond and alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond
27
Is glycogen a storage molecule in animals or plants
animals
28
Is starch a storage molecule in animals or plants
plants
29
What bond does cellulose have
beta 1-4 glycosidic bond
30
Structure of cellulose
alternate molecules inveretd by 180 degrees
31
What are the bonds between each beta glucose molecule
hydrogen bonds
32
Structure of triclyceride
glycerol head 3 fatty acid tails = hydrophobic
33
What bond do lipids form
ester bond by condensation reaction
34
What is a saturated lipid
single covalent bond solid at room temperature pack closely together
35
What is an unsaturated lipid
double bond oil at room temperature kink in chain so don't pack closely together
36
What organelles are in an animal cell ?
* cytoplasm * centriole * cytoplasm * mitochondria * lysosome * cilia * nuclear envelope * nucleus ( nucleolus ) * SER * RER * ribosome * golgi apparatus * cell surface membrane * cytoskeleton
37
What organelles are in a plant cell?
* golgi apparatus * chloroplast * lysosome * vacuole * SER * RER * mitochondria * nucleus (nucleolus) * nuclear envelope * cellulose cell wall * cell surface membrane * cytoskeleton
38
What structures are in a prokaryotic cell?
* flagellum * circular DNA * large genetic material * cytoplasm * ribosomes (70s) * cell surface membrane * plasma membrane * capsule * mesosome (aerobic respiration) * pili
39
Describe a light microscope
uses light as a form of image light passes through/reflects on the surface living and non-living things
40
Describe a transmission electron microscope
uses electrons to form an image electrons transmitted through to see internal structures only dead or non-living
41
Describe a scanning electron microscope
uses electrons as a form of image ( can be 3D) electrons are reflected only dead or non-living
42
Laser scanning microscope
uses a laser beam to scan an objecct to create a 3D image of the reflected photons
43
Magnification/ resolution of light microscope
useful magnification x1500 max magnification x 2000 resolution 200 nm (0.2 um)
44
Magnification/ resolution of transmission electron microscope
magnification x 1,000,000 resolution 0.2 nm
45
Magnification/resolution of scanning electron microscope
magnification x 1,000,000 resolution 3-20 nm
46
Disadvantages of TEM's
only used with thin specimens cannot observe live specimens don't produce a colour image
47
Disadvantage of LSCM's
can cause photodamage to the cells slow process
48
Disadvantages of SEM's
lower resolution of TEM's cannot observe live specimen don't produce a colour image
49
Definition of magnification
how many times bigger the image is than the real life object
50
Define resolution
ability to distinguish between objects that are close to each other how clear the image is
51
Why is staining important
makes cells more visible increase contrast identify cell components
52
Production stages of making proteins
1. nucleus stores DNA which is copied to make mRNA for the process of transcription 2. this leaves through the nuclear envelope pore and attaches to the ribosome on the RER 3. the ribosome reads the genetic code through translocation and synthesises a protein 4. RER processes protein 5. golgi body modifies the protein and creates a secretory vesicle 6. protein fuses with cell surface membrane by exocytosis
53
Role of cytoskeleton
1. provides mechanical strength 2. intracellular movement (within the cell) aids cells with tracks to move along 3. cellular movement via cilia or flagella
54
What is the cytoskeleton made up of
* microfilaments : movement of cells by moving against each other * microtubules : organelles moved along the fibres using ATP
55
What is a prokaryotic cell wall made from ?
peptidoglycan
56
What is a eukaryotic cell wall made from?
cellulose / chitin / lignin
57
Method of reducing sugar test
1. add benedicts reagant to a test tube sample 2. heat in water bath above 75 degrees 3. if a reducing sugar is present a brick red coloured preciptate will have formed
58
Method for non-reducing sugars (sucrose)
1. add dilute hydrochloric acid to sample and heat in water bath until boil 2. add sodium hydrogencarbonate to neutralise the solution 3. use pH indicator paper to see if it has been neuatralised (will be green) 4. add benedicts reagant and heat 5. if brick red coloured preciptate is present then positive test

Biology (12 decks)

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