4.1, 4.2 (Variation In UK Landscapes) Flashcards
What is igneous rock and give examples of locations in the UK?
Igneous rock is the oldest rock on Earth formed from lavas and deep magmas - they cooled and crystallised - they are resistant to erosion and are found in places like Cornwall, Dartmoor and the Isle of Man
What is sedimentary rock and give locations in the UK?
Sedimentary rock is formed from eroded sediment eroded and deposited by rivers and sea. It is found in places like Mudstone Cliffs, Northwest Highlands, and Dorset
Compare metamorphic and igneous rock
Metamorphic rock is sedimentary rock that has been heated and compressed – igneous rock was once larva and the magma that has cooled
Compare the formation of characteristics of Granite and Carboniferous limestone
Granite is igneous rock, therefore it is formed from the cooling of lava and even magma – it is resistant to erosion and contains quartz, feldspar and mica
Compare the formation and characteristics of chalk and slate
Chalk is sedimentary rock, therefore it is formed from the deposition of eroded sediment. It is very porous and has medium resistance
Slate is a metamorphic rock, therefore it is formed through immense heat and pressure over time
Explain when and how active volcanoes shaped the uplands of the UK
Around 420 million years ago, volcanoes produced Granite and Basalt, during the destruction of the Lapetus Ocean, a chain of volcanic islands lined the upland – what remains is the Lake District and Snowdonia
Explain how glacial erosion and deposition shaped the UK uplands
During the ice age, glaciers would grind at the land, creating deep craters, mountain peaks through the process of friction,freeze thaw, plucking and abrasion. The lumps of rock called scree built up on the mountainsides.
Explain when and how sedimentary rock was formed and formed across the UK lowlands
Sedimentary rock is formed from the deposition of eroded sediment in oceans, the sea or lakes. They have been compressed for millions of years.
Explain how glacial deposition shaped the UK lowland
Glacial deposition of the regular sizes, called erratics, scatter the lowland landscape. Drumlins are elongated hills formed as a result of the collection of debris under glaciers
Explain how scarp and vale topography forms in the UK Lowlands
- Folding into an anticline
- Anticline eroded by glacial melt
- Eroded the top sedimentary rock in the middle -> WEALD
- Scarps are different layers of rock at the steep slopes
Compare the weathering that is found in the uplands and the lowlands
In the uplands, there is more freeze thaw weathering because it’s colder
In the lowlands, there is more solution because it is more limestone and biological because there are more valid habitats
Compare soil/rock movement processes in the uplands and lowlands
In the uplands, there are more rockslides and erosion
In the lowlands, there is more rotational slumping
Compare misfit rivers and dry valley (location, characteristics, formation)
Misfit rivers are found at the bottom of valleys and are the result of glaciers melting
Dry valleys form on permeable rock, which are formed when melting water eroded the chalk downloaded after the last ice age
Explain how glaciers have affected both the uplands and the lowlands
Uplands
- shaped landscape
Lowlands
- glacial deposits
Explain a way humans have affected the upland landscape
Sheep farming
- increases risk of floods because no trees for interception due to sheep grazing, increasing filtration and surface run off
