4.02 Nervous systems Flashcards

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1
Q

two components of the central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

bundle of neurons that carry messages between the brain and the body and are responsible for reflexes

A

spinal cord

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3
Q

outer section of the spinal cord; carries messages to/from the brain; white because its axons are myelinated

A

white matter

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4
Q

inner section of the spinal cord; responsible for fast, lifesaving reflexes; axons are not myelinated

A

gray matter

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5
Q

neurons that carry messages from the senses to the spinal cord

A

afferent

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6
Q

neurons that carry message from the spinal cord to muscles and glands

A

efferent

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7
Q

neurons that connect afferent neurons to motor neurons and make up most of the spinal cord and brain

A

interneurons

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8
Q

five steps in a reflex arc

A
  1. stimulus activates pain receptors
  2. sensory neurons excite interneurons in the gray matter of spinal cord
  3. interneurons excite motor neurons in the spinal cord
  4. motor neurons exit the spinal cord and excite a muscle
  5. movement
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9
Q

the brain’s ability to change structure and functions of its cells in response to experience and trauma

A

neuroplasticity

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10
Q

three common examples of neuroplasticity

A
  • recovery from trauma
  • routine pruning
  • new cells from stem cells
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11
Q

ridding the brain of weak connections, usually during sleep

A

pruning

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12
Q

caused by an interruption of the blood supply to brain tissue; can kill neurons, leading to loss of speech, memory or motor control

A

stroke

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13
Q

made up of nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain or spinal cord

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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14
Q

two divisions of the PNS

A

somatic and autonomic

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15
Q

division of the PNS that consists of nerves that control voluntary muscles

A

somatic

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16
Q

two pathways of the somatic nervous system

A

sensory and motor pathways

17
Q

division of the PNS that controls involuntary muscles in the heart, stomach and intestines

A

autonomic

18
Q

two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

19
Q

division of the autonomic nervous system called the “fight or flight” system because it is active during times of stress

A

sympathetic

20
Q

division of the autonomic nervous system is sometimes called the “rest and digest” system because it helps return the body to normal functioning after a stressful situation ends

A

parasympathetic

21
Q

important actions of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • dilates pupils
  • increases heart rate
  • decreases digestive functions
  • inhibits bladder
  • increases blood flow to skeletal muscles
22
Q

important actions of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • constricts pupils
  • decreases heart rate
  • increases digestive functions
  • contracts bladder
  • decreases blood flow to skeletal muscles